樱花视频

Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research
  • Published:

The prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian population: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis

樱花视频 volume听24, Article听number:听3377 (2024) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The present umbrella systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to determine the comprehensive prevalence of obesity and overweight across different age subgroups in Iran.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search across many databases, including Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, to retrieve papers published until November 2023. The meta-analyses included in this study examined the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iran. The current umbrella meta-analysis finally contained 24 meta-analyses. We evaluated the scientific reliability of the studies using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2).

Results

The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Iranian population was 18.38% (95% CI: 10.267, 26.496) and 10.91% (95% CI: 9.654, 12.177), respectively. The overall obesity prevalence in males was 9.93 (95%CI: 8.483, 11.388), and in females was 9.67% (95%CI: 8.317, 11.033). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents was 12.43% (95% CI: 10.184, 14.683) and 6.51% (95% CI: 5.866, 7.157), and in adults, it was 27.39% (95% CI: 14.878, 39.914) and 17.20% (95% CI: 13.483, 20.919), respectively. Male children and adolescents had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than females, but adult males had a lower prevalence than females.

Conclusion

This study presents the trend of obesity and overweight among the Iranian population. Since the trend of increasing overweight and obesity is alarming, policymakers and healthcare providers at the national and regional levels should design and implement preventive programs and interventions.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

High body mass index (BMI) is now widely recognized as a global epidemic, and its growing impact is a major health concern in both industrialized and developing countries [1, 2]. According to research, obesity is the most serious of the four major global risk factors that are considered public health problems [3]. 鈥淕lobesity鈥� refers to the worldwide increase in obesity rates [4]. In fact, obesity stands out as the most significant nutrition-related disorder and the most important public health issue characterized by the accumulation of excessive and abnormal values of body fat, leading to adverse health outcomes [5]. Obesity is associated with chronic and life-threatening medical disorders, including metabolic diseases, cardiovascular disease (CVDs), osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, Alzheimer鈥檚 disease, depression, and certain types of cancer and their comorbidities [6]. Concurrently with the increasing prevalence of obesity among adults, there is also a worrisome surge in obesity rates in children. This tendency presents a substantial threat to the well-being of the younger generation and has ramifications for the future of nations, especially in developing countries [7].

A multitude of factors can contribute to obesity. These include hormonal, genetic, and metabolic factors such as leptin, as well as socio-economic factors, dietary habits, particularly the consumption of excessive calories and unhealthy carbohydrates. Moreover, a sedentary lifestyle, urbanization, and industrialization of societies can also play significant roles [8]. Obesity not only has detrimental effects on people鈥檚 health but also imposes a financial burden on individuals and society. According to a report published in 2023 by the World Obesity Federation, if prevention and treatment efforts fail to improve, it could lead to an economic impact totaling US$4.32 trillion by 2035, representing nearly 3% of global GDP [9]. Furthermore, obesity causes 3256.0 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 109.5 age-standardized deaths per 100,000 people [10].

An analysis of global statistics revealed a rise in the occurrence of obesity and overweight among children and adolescents. Nevertheless, in recent years, this trend has either steadied or begun to decline in certain nations [11]. Among six regions鈥擜frica, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific鈥攖he highest obesity rates are observed in the Americas and Europe. In the Americas, obesity prevalence surged from 6.8% in 1980 to 22.4% in 2019, while in Europe, it rose from 8.4% to 20% during the same period. In the Eastern Mediterranean, obesity increased from 6.4% to 17.4%, and in Africa, from 3.8% to 10.9%. The West Pacific, with the lowest initial obesity prevalence at 0.9% in 1980, saw a fivefold increase to 5% by 2019. Similarly, the Southeast Asian region, starting at 0.9% in 1980, experienced a larger jump to 7.9% by 2019 [12]. In Iran, a developing country in the Middle East, the estimated prevalence of obesity stands at 20.1% [13]. Indeed, determining the prevalence of obesity is a fundamental component of effectively planning healthcare strategies and policies to address this issue and its associated comorbidities [14].

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have recently been published on the prevalence of obesity in the Iranian population across different age groups [7, 13, 15]. To the best of our knowledge, there is currently a lack of epidemiological studies providing an overall comprehensive prevalence among different age subgroups. Therefore, the aim of the present umbrella systematic reviews and meta-analyses is to ascertain the extensive prevalence of obesity and overweight across various age subgroups.

Materials and methods

Search strategy and data sources

The present study utilized the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) format in conducting a comprehensive umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis [16] (Supplementary Table听1). This study was approved by Research Vice Chancellery of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Ethics Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1402.769). PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Web of Science search engines were searched for all systematic reviews and meta-analyses of obesity and overweight in Iran published until November 2023. The following search terms were used in this study: obesity OR overweight OR 鈥渂ody mass index鈥� OR weight OR BMI OR obes* AND prevalence OR epidemiology OR state OR health status AND Iran OR Persia OR Iranian OR Persian.

Two authors independently conducted the literature search, and any discrepancies were resolved through consensus. Additionally, a manual search was conducted to identify additional eligible studies by examining the 鈥渃ited by,鈥� 鈥渞elated articles,鈥� and reference lists of the included studies. Supplementary Table听2 describes the search strategy.

Supplementary Table听3 show the overlap between primary studies across included meta-analyses.

Study screening and selection

The PICO criteria will be utilized to establish the keywords and evaluate the articles acquired from databases (Table听1). It is characterized as CoCoPop, which incorporates the investigated Condition, studied Context, and studied Population for the current prevalence study [17]. The search was conducted without any limitations or restrictions throughout the whole publishing time. The present analysis considered all English and Farsi publications conducted in Iran until 2023 as eligible for inclusion. To gain insight into the current obesity and overweight situation in the country, no time limit or other exclusion criteria was applied. The inclusion criteria included each meta-analysis reporting obesity and overweight prevalence in children, adolescents, and adults in Iran with effect sizes (ES) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Screening of all publications based on eligibility criteria was performed independently by two authors (AD and RMG). In the first step, all titles and abstracts entered in Endnote were screened. A standard form was created in an Excel spreadsheet to extract and enter data from the included studies efficiently. The following data were extracted: first author, year of publication, study population, number of participants, gender, number of studies included in the meta-analysis, study type, criteria for overweight and obesity, effect size, and 95% CIs.

Table听1 PICOS criteria for inclusion of studies
Full size table

Quality assessment

We evaluated each included study using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR2) [18] method. This 16-question validated tool assesses each study鈥檚 pooling process and findings. Each question has four options: yes, partial yes, no, and no meta-analysis. The total score is then calculated, and each study is rated as high, moderate, low, or very poor quality. The GRADE approach [19] was used to assess the study鈥檚 strength and overall quality in accordance with Cochrane criteria. The GRADE technique evaluates five risk factors: bias, consistency, directness, accuracy, and publication bias. Finally, the quality is rated. The quality level will decrease if any of the aforementioned risk factors are disregarded. Furthermore, we classified evidence of outcomes into four categories according to the Credibility Assessment criteria: class I (convincing evidence), class II (highly suggestive evidence), class III (suggestive evidence), class IV (weak evidence), and NS (non-significant) [20, 21].

Data synthesis

The current study employed random effects models using restricted maximum likelihood approaches to assess the combined ES and 95% CI. Also, heterogeneity was detected through the I2 statistic and the Cochrane鈥檚 Q test. Significant heterogeneity among studies was defined by I2鈥�>鈥�50% or p鈥�<鈥�0.1 for the Q test [22]. In order to identify the sources of variation, we conducted a subgroup analysis based on the number of studies, including the year in which the data was collected and the gender of the participants. Sensitivity analysis was employed to determine the impact of removing a particular study on the overall effect size (ES). Formal Egger鈥檚 and Begg鈥檚 tests, together with visual inspection of funnel plots, were employed to evaluate the influence of studies with a minimum of 10 studies or fewer than 10 studies, respectively [23,24,25]. The 鈥渢rim-and-fill鈥� method was utilized in this work to quantify the asymmetries resulting from the small study effect precisely. A P-value below 0.05 was deemed significant. STATA software version 17.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA) was used to perform all statistical analyses.

Results

Literature search

Initially, 384 articles were obtained by searching the electronic databases [Scopus (n鈥�=鈥�174), Web of Sciences (n鈥�=鈥�103), PubMed (n鈥�=鈥�47), and Google Scholar (n鈥�=鈥�60)]. In the second step, 98 duplicate articles were removed, and two independent authors screened the title and abstracts of the remaining 286 articles. Among those, the full text of 35 articles was evaluated, and 11 articles were removed because they lacked the required information to be included in the analysis. Finally, 24 meta-analyses were included in the current umbrella meta-analysis [7, 8, 13, 15, 26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]. Figure听1 indicates the PRISMA flow diagram of screening and selection of the studies.

Fig.听1
figure 1

Flow chart of study selection for inclusion studies in the umbrella review

Full size image

Study characteristics

The features of the eligible articles for the current meta-analysis are shown in Table听2. All the included research was published between 2009 and 2023. The number of primary studies involved in the included meta-analysis ranged from 6 to 193. The number of participants in the included studies ranged from 4,434 to 3,845,768. A total of 15,074,657 subjects of different age groups were involved in this study. Overweight and obesity were defined based on BMI for adults and International听Obesity听Task Force (IOTF), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for children and adolescents.

Table听2 Characteristics of the included studies in Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Obesity and Overweight Prevalence in Iranian Children and Adolescents
Full size table

Methodological quality of included studies

Table 3 displays the assessment outcomes of each study鈥檚 methodology using the AMSTAR2 tool [46]. Out of the total number of publications (n鈥�=鈥�24), the majority were of intermediate quality, with four being of good quality and the remaining papers being of low quality. As a result, the overall quality was average. Similarly, when utilizing the GRADE and Credibility Assessment tool, all qualitative impacts were rated as moderate or poor and III or IV evidence class, respectively (Table听4).

Table听3 Results of assessment of the methodological quality of included meta-analysis
Full size table
Table听4 Summary of results and quality of evidence assessment using the GRADE and Credibility Assessment approach
Full size table

The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity

The results of 14 meta-analyses comprising 22 Effect Sizes (ESs) indicated that the prevalence of overall overweight among the Iranian population was 18.38% (95% CI: 10.267, 26.496) (Fig.听2), with significantly high heterogeneity among the studies (I2鈥�=鈥�100%, p鈥�<鈥�0.001). Sub-group analysis revealed that the prevalence of overweight was higher in the meta-analyses, which included鈥夆墺鈥�50 studies (ES鈥�=鈥�20.48%, 95% CI: 6.053, 34.923) and collected data after 2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�26.12%, 95% CI: 9.615, 42.627). There wasn鈥檛 a significant publication bias based on Egger鈥檚 test (p鈥�=鈥�0.716), and the funnel plot also approves this result (Suppl. Figure听1).

Fig.听2
figure 2

Forest plot detailing effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the overall prevalence of overweight among the Iranian population

Full size image

The results of combining 34 ESs of 21 meta-analyses demonstrated that the overall prevalence of obesity was 10.91% (95% CI: 9.654, 12.177) (Fig.听3). There was a high heterogeneity among the studies (I2鈥�=鈥�99.2%, p鈥�<鈥�0.001). The overall obesity prevalence in males was 9.93 (95% CI: 8.483, 11.388), and in females was 9.67% (95% CI: 8.317, 11.033). According to subgroup analysis (Table听5), the prevalence of obesity was higher in studies that collected data after 2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�13.778%, 95% CI: 9.803, 17.753), with a high heterogenicity (I2鈥�=鈥�99.4%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000) among the studies. The Egger鈥檚 tests indicated a small study effect (p鈥�=鈥�0.001), and an asymmetry was also observed in the funnel plot. The Trim-and-fill method didn鈥檛 change this result (Suppl. Figure听2).

Fig.听3
figure 3

Forest plot of the overall prevalence of obesity among the Iranian population

Full size image
Table听5 Subgroup analyses for the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population
Full size table

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents

The pooled results of 10 meta-analyses, including 17 ESs, demonstrated that the prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents was 12.43% (95% CI: 10.184, 14.683) (Fig.听4). There was considerable heterogeneity among the studies (I2鈥�=鈥�99.5%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000). The prevalence of overweight in males (ES鈥�=鈥�15.792, 95% CI: 12.949, 18.634) was higher than in females (ES鈥�=鈥�17.57%, 95% CI: 14.714, 20.444), with a high heterogeneity among the studies. Based on the sub-group test, the prevalence of overweight was higher in the studies that collected data after 2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�12.19%, 95% CI: 11.134, 13.258) with a relatively high heterogenicity (I2鈥�=鈥�62.5%, p鈥�=鈥�0.046) among the studies. Egger鈥檚 tests indicated a publication bias (p鈥�=鈥�0.005), and the funnel plot also showed an asymmetry to the right. The trim-and-fill technique was used in 19 studies, and two imputed ESs reduced the overweight prevalence (ES鈥�=鈥�11.83%, 95% CI: 10.035, 13.636) and the asymmetry of the funnel plot (Suppl. Figure听3).

Fig.听4
figure 4

Forest plot of the prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents

Full size image

Combining the findings of 14 meta-analyses comprising 21 ESs indicated that the prevalence of obesity among Iranian children and adolescents was 6.51% (95% CI: 5.866, 7.157) with high heterogeneity (I2鈥�=鈥�96.5%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000) among the studies (Fig.听5). The prevalence of obesity in males was higher (ES鈥�=鈥�8.48%, 95% CI: 7.207, 9.762) than in females (ES鈥�=鈥�5.92%, 95% CI, 5.053, 6.803). Moreover, sub-group analysis based on the year of data collection revealed that the prevalence of obesity was higher in the studies that collected data after 2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�10.48%, 95% CI: 8.323, 12.645), with high heterogeneity (I2鈥�=鈥�92.8%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000) among the studies. There is a significant publication bias based on Egger鈥檚 tests (p鈥�=鈥�0.000), and an asymmetry was also observed to the right of the funnel plot. The trim-and-fill method did not change the results (Suppl. Figure听4).

Fig.听5
figure 5

Forest plot of the prevalence of obesity among Iranian children and adolescents

Full size image

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults

The combined 11 ESs of 8 meta-analyses demonstrated that the prevalence of overweight was 27.39% (95% CI: 14.878, 39.914) among Iranian adults (Fig.听6), with considerable heterogeneity among the studies (I2鈥�=鈥�99.8%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000). Upon sub-group analyses, the prevalence of overweight was higher in the meta-analyses that included鈥夆墺鈥�50 studies (ES鈥�=鈥�28.70%, 95% CI: 9.608, 47.806), and their data collection year was after 2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�34.61%, 95% CI: 24.891, 44.341). There wasn鈥檛 a significant publication bias based on the results of Egger鈥檚 test (p鈥�=鈥�0.079). However, there was an asymmetry to the left of the funnel plot that, by the trim-and-fill method, this result didn鈥檛 change (Suppl. Figure听5).

Fig.听6
figure 6

Forest plot of the prevalence of overweight among Iranian adults

Full size image

The pooled results of 12 meta-analyses comprising 18 ESs displayed that the prevalence of obesity among adults was 17.20% (95% CI: 13.483, 20.919) (Fig.听7). There was significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2鈥�=鈥�99.2%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000). The prevalence of obesity among male adults was lower (ES鈥�=鈥�12.72%, 95% CI: 10.105, 15.339) than in females (ES鈥�=鈥�18.632, 95% CI: 11.752, 25.513). According to subgroup analysis, the prevalence of obesity in the studies with a year of data collection鈥夆墹鈥�2015 (ES鈥�=鈥�18.465%, 95% CI: 14.007, 22.923) was higher than above 2015 with a high heterogenicity (I2鈥�=鈥�96.8%, p鈥�=鈥�0.000) (Table听5). The Egger鈥檚 tests indicated no small study effect among the studies (p鈥�=鈥�0.189). However, there was an asymmetry to the right of the funnel plot. As a result, the trim-and-fill method was applied with 21 ESs (three imputed), which decreased the prevalence of obesity among adults [ES: 15.571, 95% CI (12.288, 18.854)] (Suppl. Figure听6).

Fig.听7
figure 7

Forest plot of the prevalence of obesity among adults

Full size image

Discussion

The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Iranian population was 18.38% and 10.91%, respectively. The overall obesity prevalence was 9.93% in males and 9.67% in females. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents was 12.43% and 6.51%, and in adults, it was 27.39% and 17.20%, respectively. Male children and adolescents had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than females, but male adults had a lower prevalence of obesity than females.

The STEPs survey in 2011 demonstrated that, in total, 22.3% of Iranian adults aged鈥夆墺鈥�15听years were obese, with 14% being males and 27.7% being females [47]. In 2014, the age-standardized prevalence of obesity in Iran was estimated at 10.8% in males and 14.9% in females [1]. In 2016, the national prevalence rates of obesity and overweight/obesity among Iranian adults were 22.7% (22.2鈥�23.2) and 59.3% (58.7鈥�59.9), respectively. Childhood obesity will continue into adulthood, and studies have proven that more than 69% of children aged 6 to 10 are obese in adulthood. According to the published reports of the WHO and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) IV, about 16% and 30% of children are overweight or at risk of being overweight, respectively [48, 49]. The WHO Regional Office for Europe established the Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) to observe changes in overweight and obesity in school-aged children in 2007 [11, 50]. The prevalence of childhood obesity in the oldest study was 11.7% in the UK, 16.9% in the United States, 11.3% in China, 1.4% in Greece, 1.6% in Turkey, 13.7% in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and 1% in Indian children [51,52,53,54,55,56,57]. In other studies, this prevalence in Cyprus was 8.1%, in North Korea it was 9.7%, and in Spain it was 8.5% [58,59,60].

Body weight is influenced by a multifaceted and interrelated combination of factors, including biological factors (such as psychological factors, hormones, genetics, and epigenetics), social factors (such as education, employment status, income, and access to healthcare), food industry factors (such as food marketing and lobbying), access to physical activity opportunities, and various other factors [61, 62]. It seems that one of the causes of the prevalence and risk of overweight and obesity, especially in childhood, is the increase in social welfare and the industrialization of countries [63]. Growing urbanization and globalization may also induce a shift in the overweight and obesity trend because many kids and teenagers grow up in settings that promote weight gain and obesity. For example, today, people are exposed to cheap and easily available highly processed foods, which are often energy-dense and nutrient-poor [64, 65]. In addition, another reason is that opportunities for physical activity, especially active transportation, may have decreased in recent decades. A school-based study in 146 countries found that insufficient physical activity decreased among adolescent boys but showed no change among adolescent girls [66,67,68]. In the meantime, the use and exposure of today鈥檚 generation to sedentary behaviors such as watching TV, long-term use of electronic devices, etc., have increased. The alteration in food type, excessive portions, availability, and reduction in active transportation would have caused an energy imbalance [67, 69]. Lifestyle changes, especially dietary habits, insufficient physical activity, and increasing digital technology, lead to an increasing prevalence of obesity in rural and urban environments. Some ethnic factors, such as genetics, socioeconomic status, and dietary patterns, can also contribute to obesity [8, 70, 71]. A sedentary life and increased consumption of inappropriate high-calorie foods are the most obvious causes of obesity [72]. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic led to people being confined to their homes, and there was a ban on participating in sports or social activities. However, the pandemic resulted in a decrease in physical activity and an increase in the intake of unhealthy food, leading to a rise in sedentary behavior and higher levels of anxiety. Consequently, there has been an increase in overweight and obesity rates [73,74,75,76,77]. A study on 43,660 Iranian students showed that during the COVID-19 epidemic, half of the participants were overweight, and most did not have regular physical activity during the pandemic [78]. A systematic review study showed that children watch television for between 1.5 and 3.5听h per day. Exposure to television food advertisements is associated with weight gain and obesity [79]. It has also been shown that in Iran, family history of obesity, early marriage, parity, old age, low physical activity, and education are factors of obesity, especially central obesity in the urban population [80]. Socioeconomic factors also have a significant effect on weight, especially in teenagers. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that in populations with a low socioeconomic status, the diet primarily consists of a high intake of carbohydrates, which are more readily accessible in their surroundings [81]. In addition, lack of sleep and sleep disorders may lead to hormonal changes, unhealthy eating patterns such as increased consumption of foods with a high glycemic index, and reduced physical activity [81, 82].

The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing in Iran, causing health and socioeconomic problems. Studying obesity and overweight and having access to comprehensive and accurate data on this issue is necessary to assess public health, determine appropriate and relevant health policies, and design and implement preventive measures against obesity.

Strengths and limitations

Considering the need to collect evidence on the prevalence of obesity and overweight in developing countries, which is needed for evidence-based policy making, and the lack of information and large-scale cohort studies in these countries, this umbrella systematic review was designed for Iran in order to obtain a comprehensive summary from the existing studies. This umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis investigated obesity and overweight prevalence in children, adolescents, and adults of both genders. Focusing the current study on Iran can be considered a limitation. The current study protocol was not registered in Prospero. Moreover, the cross-sectional designs of every meta-analysis in our study limited our review because of their observational nature. This is because cross-sectional observational studies cannot describe the cause-and-effect relationship. Also, the number of studies in different geographical regions of Iran was very small. Also, studies to investigate the prevalence of obesity in special conditions, such as pregnancy, are limited. The weight of studies included multiple times in distinct meta-analyses was increased due to the overlap of some studies among meta-analyses. This was one of our umbrella meta-analysis鈥檚 major and unavoidable limitations, which may affect the overall result and confound the findings. Any interpretation should consider this limitation since we could not听completely rule out the impact of various original study inclusions. The high heterogeneity of our results can be acknowledged as a limitation for their interpretation, too.

Conclusion

This survey is the first of its kind in the Middle East, and it shows that the increasing trend of obesity and overweight among Iranians is alarming. Due to the growing prevalence of obesity and overweight in the Iranian population, health policymakers should plan in the field of education and also take effective measures in terms of periodic screening. This study, which calculates and combines the results of all studies, provides research evidence about the trend of obesity and overweight among the Iranian population. Since the increasing trend of overweight and obesity is alarming, these studies are necessary to provide information to policymakers and healthcare providers at the national and regional levels so that preventive programs and interventions can be designed and performed.

Data availability

Data is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files.

References

  1. Collaboration NRF. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19路 2 million participants. Lancet (London, England). 2016;387(10026):1377.

    听 听

  2. Djalalinia S, Qorbani M, Peykari N, Kelishadi R. Health impacts of obesity. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2015;31(1):239.

    听

  3. Djalalinia S, SaeediMoghaddam S, Sheidaei A, Rezaei N, NaghibiIravani SS, Modirian M, Zokaei H, Yoosefi M, Gohari K, Kousha A. Patterns of obesity and overweight in the Iranian population: findings of STEPs 2016. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:42.

    听 听

  4. Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33:673鈥�89.

    听 听 听 听

  5. Abdelaal M, le Roux CW, Docherty NG. Morbidity and mortality associated with obesity. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(7):161鈥�73.

  6. Kastanias P, Mackenzie K, Robinson S, Wang W. Medical Complications Resulting from Severe Obesity. In: Sockalingam S, Hawa R, editors. Psychiatric Care in Severe Obesity. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 49-73.

  7. Shirzadeh L, Sadeghi E, Salmannezhad A, Jafari SA, Dehghanipour M, Nasiri M. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian high school students: a systematic review. Health Providers. 2021;1(1):1鈥�11.

    听

  8. Jafari-Adli S, Jouyandeh Z, Qorbani M, Soroush A, Larijani B, Hasani-Ranjbar S. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:1鈥�10.

    听 听

  9. WOF: World Obesity Federation.World Obesity Atlas. 2023. Available online: . (Accessed on 11 Sep 2023).

  10. Dai H, Alsalhe TA, Chalghaf N, Ricc貌 M, Bragazzi NL, Wu J. The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990鈥�2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(7):e1003198.

    听 听 听 听

  11. Buoncristiano M, Spinelli A, Williams J, Nardone P, Rito AI, Garc铆a-Solano M, Gr酶holt EK, Guti茅rrez-Gonz谩lez E, Klepp KI, Starc G. Childhood overweight and obesity in Europe: Changes from 2007 to 2017. Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13226.

    听 听 听

  12. Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. 133: Elsevier; 2022: 155217.

  13. Abiri B, Ahmadi AR, Amini S, Akbari M, Hosseinpanah F, Madinehzad SA, Hejazi M, Rishehri AP, Naserghandi A, Valizadeh M. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2023;42(1):70.

    听 听 听 听

  14. Ward MM. Estimating disease prevalence and incidence using administrative data: some assembly required. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(8):1241鈥�3.

    听 听 听 听

  15. Akbari H, Mohammadi M. The prevalence of obesity in Iranian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Rev. 2022;10(2):93鈥�102.

    听 听

  16. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, G酶tzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Ann Inter Med. 2009;151(4):65鈥�94.

    听 听

  17. Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. JBI Evid Implement. 2015;13(3):147鈥�53.

    听

  18. Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, Moher D, Tugwell P, Welch V, Kristjansson E. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.

  19. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Sch眉nemann HJ. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924鈥�6.

    听 听 听 听

  20. Ioannidis JP. Integration of evidence from multiple meta-analyses: a primer on umbrella reviews, treatment networks and multiple treatments meta-analyses. CMAJ. 2009;181(8):488鈥�93.

    听 听 听 听

  21. Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, Li J, Yuan X, Li J, Wang W, Dai T, Chen H, Wang Y. Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review. BMJ. 2023;381:e071609.

  22. Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2008.

  23. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629鈥�34.

    听 CAS听 听 听 听

  24. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics. 1994;50(4):1088鈥�101.

  25. Doleman B, Freeman SC, Lund JN, Williams JP, Sutton AJ. Funnel plots may show asymmetry in the absence of publication bias with continuous outcomes dependent on baseline risk: presentation of a new publication bias test. Res Synth Methods. 2020;11(4):522鈥�34.

    听 听 听

  26. Mirzazadeh A, Sadeghirad B, Haghdoost AA, Bahreini F, Kermani MR. The prevalence of obesity in Iran in recent decade; a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Iran J Public Health. 2009;38(3):1鈥�11.

    听

  27. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, Mullany EC, Biryukov S, Abbafati C, Abera SF. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980鈥�2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The lancet. 2014;384(9945):766鈥�81.

    听 听

  28. Mirzazadeh A, Salimzadeh H, Arabi M, Navadeh S, Hajarizadeh B, Haghdoost AA. Trends of obesity in Iranian adults from 1990s to late 2000s; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Middle East J Digest Dis. 2013;5(3):151.

    听

  29. Kelishadi R, Haghdoost A-A, Sadeghirad B, Khajehkazemi R. Trend in the prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014;30(4):393鈥�400.

    听 听 听

  30. Rahmani A, Sayehmiri K, Asadollahi K, Sarokhani D, Islami F, Sarokhani M. Investigation of the prevalence of obesity in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Acta Medica Iranica. 2015;53(10):596鈥�607.

  31. Ghanbari S, Ayatollahi SMT. Comparing the role of standard references on the prevalence of Iranian children and adolescents鈥� overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci. 2016;21(1):121.

    听 听 听 听

  32. Fallahzadeh H, Saadati H, Keyghobadi N. Estimating the prevalence and trends of obesity in Iran populations from 2000 to 2011: a meta-analysis study. SSU Journals. 2017;25(9):681鈥�9.

    听

  33. Khazaei S, Gholamaliee B, Nooraliey P, Keshvari DM, Saatchi M, Jamorpour S, Zobdeh Z, Nooraliey R, Shahriari AR: Obesity among Iranian primary school students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2017.

  34. Khazaei S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Nooraliey P, Keshvari-Delavar M, Ghafari M, Pourmoghaddas A, Ayubi E, Mansori K, Gholamaliee B, Sarrafzadegan N. The prevalence of obesity among school-aged children and youth aged 6鈥�18 years in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. ARYA Atheroscleros. 2017;13(1):35.

    听

  35. Mohammadi M. Prevalence of obesity among Iranian female university students (2001鈥�2017): a systematic review and meta-analysis. SSU Journals. 2018;25(11):843鈥�52.

    听

  36. Fakhri M, Sarokhani D, Sarokhani M, Dehkordi AH, Jouybari L. Prevalence of obesity in Iranian children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Med Special. 2019;10(4):190鈥�200.

    听 听

  37. Mansori K, Khateri S, Moradi Y, Khazaei Z, Mirzaei H, Hanis SM, Aliabadi MA, Ranjbaran M, Varse F, Parang S. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian children aged less than 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean J Pediatr. 2019;62(6):206鈥�12.

    听 听 听 听

  38. Salimi Y, Taghdir M, Sepandi M, KarimiZarchi A-A. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 樱花视频. 2019;19:1鈥�9.

    听 听

  39. Vaisi-Raygani A, Mohammadi M, Jalali R, Ghobadi A, Salari N. The prevalence of obesity in older adults in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 樱花视频 Geriatr. 2019;19:1鈥�9.

    听 听

  40. Sarokhani D, Sarokhani M, HasanpourDehkordi A, GhaneiGheshlagh R, Fakhri M. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2020;33(4):453鈥�68.

    听 听 听

  41. Hosseini J, Nematollahi S, Shariatpanahi S, Sadegh-Zadeh Z. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iranian men; a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Men鈥檚 Health Journal. 2021;5(1):e1鈥揺1.

    听

  42. Djalalinia S, Mehdipour P, Mohajer B, Mohebi F, Larijani B, Sepanlou SG, Ghanbari A, Peykari N, Kasaeian A, Pazhuheian F: Levels and trends of BMI, obesity, and overweight at national and sub-national levels in Iran from 1990 to 2016; a comprehensive pooled analysis of half a million individuals. 2021.

  43. Saeidi M, Naseri M, Vakili R, Sistanian F. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iranian primary school students: a systematic review. Health Providers. 2022;2(1):13鈥�22.

    听

  44. Okati-Aliabad H, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Kargar S, Jabbari N. Prevalence of obesity and overweight among adults in the middle east countries from 2000 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obes. 2022;2022:8074837.

  45. Hojjati M, Dehghan Z, Salari N, Abdolmaleki A, Mohsenzadeh M, Abdullahi A, Khaleghi AA, Shohaimi S, Mohammadi M. The prevalence of general obesity, overweight and abdominal obesity in Iranian university students: a meta-analysis. Obes Med. 2023;42:100510.

    听 听

  46. Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, Porter AC, Tugwell P, Moher D, Bouter LM. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. 樱花视频 Med Res Methodol. 2007;7:1鈥�7.

    听 听

  47. Bakhshi E, Koohpayehzadeh J, Seifi B, Rafei A, Biglarian A, Asgari F, Etemad K, Yarandi RB. Obesity and related factors in Iran: the STEPS Survey, 2011. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(6):e22479.

  48. Skelton J, Rudolph C, Kliegman R, Behrman R, Jenson H, Stanton B. Overweight and obesity. Nelson text book of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007.

    听

  49. Eisenmann JC. Physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents: an overview. Can J Cardiol. 2004;20(3):295鈥�301.

    听 听

  50. Breda J, McColl K, Buoncristiano M, Williams J, Abdrakhmanova S, Abdurrahmonova Z, Ahrens W, Akhmedova D, Bakacs M, Boer JM. Methodology and implementation of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Obes Rev. 2021;22:e13215.

    听 听 听

  51. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999鈥�2010. JAMA. 2012;307(5):483鈥�90.

    听 听 听 听

  52. Malik M, Bakir A. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in the United Arab Emirates. Obes Rev. 2007;8(1):15鈥�20.

    听 CAS听 听 听

  53. Kaur S, Sachdev H, Dwivedi S, Lakshmy R, Kapil U. Prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst school children in Delhi, India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):592鈥�6.

  54. Reilly JJ, Dorosty AR. Epidemic of obesity in UK children. The Lancet. 1999;354(9193):1874鈥�5.

    听 CAS听 听

  55. Wang G, Dietz WH. Economic burden of obesity in youths aged 6 to 17 years: 1979鈥�1999. Pediatrics. 2002;109(5):e81鈥揺81.

    听 听 听

  56. Krassas G, Tzotzas T, Tsametis C, Konstantinidis T. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Thessaloniki, Greece. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab: JPEM. 2001;14:1319鈥�26.

    听 听

  57. Krassas GE, Tsametis C, Baleki V, Constantinidis T, Unluhizarci K, Kurtoglu S, Kelestimur F. Obesity BGftSo: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Thessaloniki-Greece and Kayseri-Turkey. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev: PER. 2004;1:460鈥�4.

    听 听

  58. Oh K, Jang MJ, Lee NY, Moon JS, Lee CG, Yoo MH, Kim YT. Prevalence and trends in obesity among Korean children and adolescents in 1997 and 2005. Clin Exper Pediatr. 2008;51(9):950鈥�5.

    听

  59. Savva SC, Kourides YA, Hadjigeorgiou C, Tornaritis MJ. Overweight and obesity prevalence and trends in children and adolescents in Cyprus 2000鈥�2010. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014;8(5):e426鈥�34.

    听 听 听

  60. Garc铆a EG, L贸pez M脕V, Mart铆nez RG, Alias I, Gonz谩lez MM, Perales AB, Sevilla JEC, Escobar IG, Bueno SG, Ruzafa EL. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 2鈥�16 years. Endocrinolog铆a y Nutrici贸n (English Edition). 2013;60(3):121鈥�6.

    听 听

  61. Puhl RM, Heuer CA. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(6):1019鈥�28.

    听 听 听 听

  62. Science GOf: Foresight. Tackling obesities: future choices鈥損roject report. Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills London; 2007.

  63. Kapil U, Singh P, Pathak P, Dwivedi SN, Bhasin S. Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent adolescent school children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):449鈥�52.

    听 听

  64. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(1):3鈥�21.

    听 听 听

  65. Baker P, Machado P, Santos T, Sievert K, Backholer K, Hadjikakou M, Russell C, Huse O, Bell C, Scrinis G. Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. Obes Rev. 2020;21(12):e13126.

    听 听 听

  66. Knuth AG, Hallal PC. Temporal trends in physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6(5):548鈥�59.

    听 听 听

  67. Booth VM, Rowlands AV, Dollman J. Physical activity temporal trends among children and adolescents. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(4):418鈥�25.

    听 听 听

  68. Guthold R, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Bull FC. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1路 6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(1):23鈥�35.

    听 听 听 听

  69. Muthuri SK, Wachira LJM, Leblanc AG, Francis CE, Sampson M, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends and correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness among school-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(3):3327鈥�59.

    听 听 听 听

  70. Tabatabaei-Malazy O, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Amoli MM, Heshmat R, Sajadi M, Derakhshan R, Amiri P, Namakchian M, Rezazadeh E, Tavakkoly-Bazzaz J. Gender-specific differences in the association of adiponectin gene polymorphisms with body mass index. Rev Diabet Stud: RDS. 2010;7(3):241.

    听 听 听

  71. Jolliffe D. Extent of overweight among US children and adolescents from 1971 to 2000. Int J Obes. 2004;28(1):4鈥�9.

    听 CAS听 听

  72. Azizi F, Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P. Trends in overweight, obesity and central fat accumulation among Tehranian adults between 1998鈥�1999 and 2001鈥�2002: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005;49(1):3鈥�8.

    听 CAS听 听 听

  73. Legido-Quigley H, Mateos-Garc铆a JT, Campos VR, Gea-S谩nchez M, Muntaner C, McKee M. The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(5):e251鈥�2.

    听 听 听 听

  74. Ricci F, Izzicupo P, Moscucci F, Sciomer S, Maffei S, Di Baldassarre A, Mattioli AV, Gallina S. Recommendations for physical inactivity and sedentary behavior during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Front Public Health. 2020;8:199.

    听 听 听 听

  75. Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, Bouaziz B, Bentlage E, How D, Ahmed M. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1583.

    听 CAS听 听 听 听

  76. Gallo LA, Gallo TF, Young SL, Moritz KM, Akison LK. The impact of isolation measures due to COVID-19 on energy intake and physical activity levels in Australian university students. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1865.

    听 CAS听 听 听 听

  77. Antunes R, Frontini R, Amaro N, Salvador R, Matos R, Morou莽o P, Rebelo-Gon莽alves R. Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(12):4360.

    听 CAS听 听 听 听

  78. Bagherian S, Ghasempoor K, Baker JS, Mashhadi M. Physical activity behaviors and overweight status among Iranian school-aged students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a big data analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(3):676.

    听 听 听

  79. Pourmoradian S, Ostadrahimi A, Bonab AM, Roudsari AH, Jabbari M, Irandoost P. Television food advertisements and childhood obesity: a systematic review. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res. 2020;91(1-2):3鈥�9.

  80. Hajian-Tilaki K, Heidari B. Prevalence of obesity, central obesity and the associated factors in urban population aged 20鈥�70 years, in the north of Iran: a population-based study and regression approach. Obes Rev. 2007;8(1):3鈥�10.

    听 CAS听 听 听

  81. Morales Camacho WJ, Molina D铆az JM, Plata Ortiz S, Plata Ortiz JE, Morales Camacho MA, Calder贸n BP. Childhood obesity: Aetiology, comorbidities, and treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(8):e3203.

    听 听 听

  82. Abiri B, Sarbakhsh P, Vafa M. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors in healthy female adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Central Asian J Glob Health. 2019;8(1):413.

Funding

This study has no funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Azadeh Dehghani听&听Roghayeh Molani-Gol

  2. Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Azadeh Dehghani听&听Roghayeh Molani-Gol

  3. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Maryam Mohammadi-Narab

  4. Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Abdolreza Norouzy听&听Mohammad Hassan Abolhassani

  5. Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaee Jabali

  6. Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaee Jabali

  7. Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Rasool-E Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Abdolreza Pazouki

  8. Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Aliasghar Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fahimeh Soheilipour

  9. Research Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi

Authors
  1. Azadeh Dehghani

    You can also search for this author in 听

  2. Roghayeh Molani-Gol

    You can also search for this author in 听

  3. Maryam Mohammadi-Narab

    You can also search for this author in 听

  4. Abdolreza Norouzy

    You can also search for this author in 听

  5. Mohammad Hassan Abolhassani

    You can also search for this author in 听

  6. Seyed Mohammad Tabatabaee Jabali

    You can also search for this author in 听

  7. Abdolreza Pazouki

    You can also search for this author in 听

  8. Fahimeh Soheilipour

    You can also search for this author in 听

  9. Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi

    You can also search for this author in 听

Contributions

A.D. and R.MG. conducted the search and data extraction, and A.D. and MMN screened the studies. A.D., MH.A., and SM.TJ. drafted the manuscript; A.N., A.P., F.S. and F.MN commented on subsequent revisions. All authors read and approved the final content.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdolreza Norouzy.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by Research Vice Chancellery of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Ethics Code: IR.IUMS.REC.1402.769). As the present study is an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis, the consent to participate is not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher鈥檚 Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article鈥檚 Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article鈥檚 Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit .

About this article

Cite this article

Dehghani, A., Molani-Gol, R., Mohammadi-Narab, M. et al. The prevalence of obesity and overweight among Iranian population: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis. 樱花视频 24, 3377 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20860-8

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20860-8

Keywords

樱花视频

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us