Ó£»¨ÊÓƵ

1

Mirzazadeh et al., 2009 [26]

58

January 1997 and December 2007

132,864

(> 18 yr.), (< 18y)

adults and children

µþ²Ñ±õ &²µ³Ù; 30

µþ²Ñ±õ &²µ³Ù; P95

NCHS

(BMI calculated by weight (kg)/height2 (m); P95; NCHS)

The overall prevalence of obesity for adults (> 18Ìýyr) and children (< 18y) was 21.5% (CI 95% 17.4–25.6) and 5.5% (CI 95% 4.5–6.4), respectively

The prevalence of obesity in boys and girls (< 18y) was 5.3% (CI 95% 4.1–6.4) and 4.8% (CI 95% 4.0–5.7), respectively

It increased in both adult men and women to 13.7% (CI 95% 10.9–16.7) and 27.3% (CI 95% 21.3–33.4), respectively

2

Ng et al., 2013 [27]

-

1980- 2013

NM

adolescents and children

 &±ô³Ù; 20

 &²µ³Ù; 20

BMI

The prevalence of obesity in boys (< 20y) (> 20y) was 5·9 (CI 95%4.8–7.2) (and13.6(CI 95%12.5–14.8)), respectively. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in girls (< 20y) (> 20y) was 7.2 (CI 95% 5.7–8.9) (and 29.3 (CI 95% 27.2–31.6)), respectively

3

Mirzazadeh et al., 2013 [28]

32

January 1990 to December 2007

209,166

aged 14—81 years

Adolescents and adults

µþ²Ñ±õ &²µ³Ù; 30

The overall prevalence of obesity in adults was 18.5% (95% CI: 15.1–21.8), respectively. The prevalence of obesity in men and women was 12.9% (95% CI: 10.9–14.9) and 26.2% (95% CI: 21.3–30.5), respectively

4

Jafari-Adli et al., 2014 [8]

193

Jan 2005 up to Jan 2014

NM

 &²µ³Ù; 18 and adults

CDC, WHO, and IOTF for children aged 5 or younger that include

BMI-for-age growth charts defines obesity and overweight as > 95th, and 85-95th percentile of body mass index, respectively. The NCHS/WHO cut-off percentile classification for age includes:

underweight < 5th BMI-for-age; normal weight

5th < BMI-for-age < 85th; overweight 85th BMI-for-age

 < 95th; and obese BMI-for-age > 95th. The same percentiles cut-offs were considered for the CDC as well. IOTF used data from six national studies carried out in different countries to provide percentile curves that passed through the widely used cut-off points of 25Ìýkg/m2 and

30Ìýkg/m2 for adults overweight and obesity

The range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies in adults, was 27.0–38.5 (95% CI: 26.8–27.1, 37.2–39.8), and 12.6–25.9 (95% CI: 12.2–13.0, 24.9–26.8), separately. In &±ô³Ù; 18 the range of overweight and obesity prevalence in national studies was 5.0–13.5 (95% CI: 4.5–5.5, 13.4–13.6), and 3.2–11.9 (95% CI:

3.0–3.4, 11.3–12.4)

5

Kelishadi et al., 2014 [29]

107

October 2007 and August 2012

3,746,869

children and adolescents ages 2 to 18 y were included, with the interquartile range of sample sizes of 415 to 2076

U.S. CDC in 2000 (i.e., 85th percentile BMI _ 94th percentile was regarded as overweight and BMI _ 95th percentile as obese);

WHO (i.e., BMI _ 2 z score was regarded as overweight and

BMI _ 3 z score as obese); or IOTF (i.e., percentile curves that correspond to cutoff points of 25Ìýkg/m2 and 30Ìýkg/m2 for adult overweight and obesity, respectively)

the overall prevalence of obesity and overweight remained relatively constant in the 2000s and are estimated to be about 5.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4–5.8) and 10.8% (95% CI, 10.2–11.4), respectively

6

Rahmani et al., 2014 [30]

144

between 1990 and

2011

377,858

 &²µ³Ù; 18

 &±ô³Ù; 18

the WHO, was defined as µþ²Ñ±õ ≥ 30 for adult

populations (at least 18Ìýyears of age). For people &±ô³Ù; 18, most articles used the criteria of the CDC 2000 and IOTF which defined obesity according to the BMI ≥ percentile 95th of the BMI in the respective population

The prevalence of obesity in populations &²µ³Ù; 18 was estimated as 21.7% (CI 95%: 18.5%—25%) and in populations &±ô³Ù; 18 as 6.1% (CI 95%: 6.8%-5.4%). Meta-regression analysis showed an ascending trend in the prevalence of obesity in Iran. The prevalence rates of obesity according to the BMI index, NCHC and percentile > 95 were 17.4%, 7.6% and 7.4%, respectively. The BMI mean was 19.3 in populations &±ô³Ù; 18 (CI 95%: 17–21.6) and 25.2 in those &²µ³Ù; 18 (CI 95%: 27.1–23.3)

7

Ghanbari et al., 2016 [31]

75

up to December 30, 2015

155,839

children and adolescents up to 20Ìýyears old, children &±ô³Ù; 6Ìýyears, between 6 and 12Ìýyears, and 12–20Ìýyears old

The different reference values currently used as the standards to assess children’s obesity and overweight, the CDC reference uses BMI percentiles for ages 2–20Ìýyears, Overweight: BMI < 85th and < 95th percentile and obese: BMI < 95th percentile. WHO Child Growth Standards (birth to age 5), obese: BMI > 3 standard deviations above the WHO growth standard median and overweight: BMI > 2 standard deviations above the WHO growth standard median. WHO Reference 2007 (ages 5–19), obese: BMI > 2 standard deviations above the WHO growth standard median and overweight: BMI > 1 standard deviation above the WHO growth standard median. The reference values include age- and sex-specific data from the first NHANES I collected in 1971–74 in the United States. [4, 9, 11] The Childhood Obesity Working Group of the IOTF provides international BMI cut points by age and sex for overweight and obesity for children aged 2–18 reference uses sex- and age-specific BMI cutoffs that correspond to BMI 25Ìýkg/m2 for overweight and 30Ìýkg/m2 for obesity

The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in &±ô³Ù; 6Ìýyears was 15.1 (0.145–0.158) and 5.4 (0.051- .058), in 6–12Ìýyears was 4.6 (0.044–0.047) and 3.9 (0.038–0.041), in 12–20Ìýyears was 9.1 (0.088–0.094) and 4.2 (0.040–0.044), respectively

8

Fallahzadeh et al., 2017 [32]

151

2000–2013

 &²µ³Ù; 18Ìýyears and

 &±ô³Ù; 18Ìýyears

CDC

µþ²Ñ±õ &²µ³Ù; P95

IOTF

the prevalence of obesity was 8.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9%-9%)

overall, 5.5% (95% CI, 5.1%-6.0%) among &±ô³Ù; 18Ìýyears and 15.1% (95% CI, 13.8%-16.5%) among adult also the prevalence of overweight was 17.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.9%-19.1%) overall, 15.1%

(95% CI, 13.5%—17%) among &±ô³Ù; 18Ìýyears and 22.6% (95% CI, 19.5%—26.1%) among adult

9

Khazaei et al., 2017 [33]

25

Up to Aaugust 2015

43,413

Primary school students

CDC

µþ²Ñ±õ &²µ³Ù; P95

IOTF

Hosseini’s Iranian children’s reference

All 25 papers had the inclusion criteria for the study. Studies showed that the prevalence of obesity in Iranian primary school students was 7.18 percent (95% CI: 5.63 -8.73). The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys than girls (8.02% vs. 6.07%)

10

Khazaei et al., 2017 [34]

51

January 1, 1998 to April 1, 2015

47,893

school-aged children and youth aged 6–18Ìýyears

CDC

IOTF

Hosseini’s Iranian children’s reference

The prevalence of obesity was equal to 5.82% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5–6.66] in Iranian students. The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys than in girls (6.85% compared to 5.13%) (P = 0.300). The highest prevalence of obesity was related to students living in the North and Northwest areas with 7.07% (95% CI: 4.35–9.78)

11

Mohammadi et al., 2018 [35]

10

2001–2017

4,434

Iranian female university students

15–48Ìýyears old

BMI

the overall prevalence of obesity among female university students in Iran was 3% (95% Cl 2.5%-3.6%) during 2001–2017. The highest prevalence of obesity was recorded in Tehran in 2005, 9.3% (95% Cl: 5.6%-15.1%) and the lowest prevalence of obesity was found in Ardebil in 2012, 1% (95% Cl: 0.4%-4%)

12

Fakhri et al., 2019 [36]

93

1998 to 2017

3,845,768

Children

 &±ô³Ù; 6

 ≥ 6

CDC

IOTF

Iranian reference

CDC2000

TSF

WHO

the prevalence of obesity in Iranian children was 7% (girls 8% and boys 10%), and the prevalence of overweight was 12% (girls 17% and boys 15%). The incidence rate of obesity in children was 13% based on The US CDC 2000 reference, 11% on the IOTF reference, 9% on the WHO reference, 9% on Iranian reference, 5% on CDC reference, and 3% on the NCHS reference. Meta-regression diagram also showed that the prevalence of obesity in children was not dependent on sample size. However, the prevalence of obesity declined from 1999 to 2016, which was statistically significant

13

Mansori et al., 2019 [37]

6

January 1989 and August 2017

5,136

children aged < 5Ìýyears

NCHS/WHO

the prevalence of obesity and overweight were estimated to be 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%–10%) and 9% (95% CI, 7%–11%), respectively. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of obesity in boys and girls was 9% (95% CI, 6%–13%) and 7% (95% CI, 4–10%), respectively, and the prevalence of overweight in boys and girls was 10% (95% CI, 5%–15%) and 9% (95% CI, 5%–13%), respectively

14

Salimi et al., 2019 [38]

10

up to December 2017

17,920

Iranian military personnel

WHO

BMI

The pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity was 41% (95%CI:26, 57%) and 13% (95%CI:10, 17%), respectively. In the subgroup analyses, a lower and higher prevalence of overweight was reported in the ground (12%) and Navy (69%) forces military, respectively. For obesity, the Air Forces had the lowest prevalence (11%), and the ground and Navy forces military had the highest prevalence (15%). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was slightly higher in studies conducted after 2014

15

Vaisi-Raygani et al., 2019 [39]

18

March 2000 to October 2018

29,943

older adults

aged > 50Ìýyears

µþ²Ñ±õ ≥ 30

the prevalence of obesity in older adults of Iran was 21.4% (95%CI: 26.6–16.9%) based on the meta-analysis. The highest obesity prevalence was obtained in older adults of Babol (Amir Shahr) which was 44.2% (95%CI: 41.1–47.2%) in 2007, while the minimum obesity prevalence was found in older adults of Razavi Khorasan which was 11.3% (95%CI, 10–12.8%) in 2007. Further, as the sample size and the study year increased, the obesity prevalence diminished in older Iranian adults (p < 0.05)

16

Sarokhani et al., 2020 [40]

160

1977–2017

481,070

Iranian students

6–20Ìýyears

BMI

The prevalence of obesity among Iranian students based on body mass index (BMI) was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10%–12%) (in girls 8% [95% CI: 7%–10%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 10%–13%]). The prevalence of overweight in students based on BMI was 12% (95% CI: 12%–13%) (in girls 13% [95% CI: 11%–14%] and in boys 11% [95% CI: 18%–30%]). The rate of obesity was 13% (95% CI: 11%–16%) in elementary school students, 10% (95% CI: 7%–14%) in secondary school students and 7% (95% CI: 6%–9%) in high school students

17

Hosseini et al., 2021 [41]

52

August 10, 2010 to August 10, 2020

120,440

Iranian men 20–70Ìýyears

BMI

The pooled prevalence of overweight in men was 46% (95% CI: 46, 46). The lowest prevalence of overweight was 11.1% in Fars and the highest was 57% in Tabriz. The pooled prevalence of obesity in men was 18% (95% CI: 18, 19), with the highest prevalence in Birjand (46.5%) and the lowest in Tehran (0.8%)

18

Djalalinia et al., 2021 [42]

43

2016

471,500

Iranian population

25 – 85y

BMI

The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight in males was 18.4% (16.9–20) and 57.1% (53.7- 60.6), and in females was 36.8% (34.1–39.7) and 71.7% (67.9–75.8), respectively

19

Akbari et al., 2022 [15]

23

January 2000 to January 2021

2,637,912

Iranian Children aged 2–15Ìýyears

NM

The overall prevalence of obesity in Iranian children was 11.4% (95% CI: 9.4–13.7%) based on a meta-analysis. Also, in order to investigate the effects of potential factors (sample size and year of study) on the heterogeneity of obesity prevalence in Iranian children, meta-regression was used. It was reported that the prevalence of obesity in Iranian children decreased and increased with increasing sample size and increasing years of the study, respectively,

20

Saeidi et al., 2022 [43]

12

up to February 2022

16,745

Iranian Primary School Students

6–14Ìýyears

BMI

CDC

IOTF

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in primary school children was 14.3% (3.1–14.3%), and 18.8% (5.5–18.8%), respectively. Obesity and overweight were more prevalent in primary students from Semnan and less prevalent in students from Tabriz. Based on the results, the relationship between overweight and obesity in students with their age, gender, weight at birth, school type, taking snacks, walking time to school, family size, parental education, father’s job, parental obesity, physical activity levels, and family income was significant

21

Shirzadeh et al., 2021 [7]

12

up to September 2021

9,012

Iranian High School Students

BMI index

CDC 2000

IOTE

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in students was 20.5% (ranged: 2.3–20.5%), and 21% (ranged: 6.1–21%), respectively. The highest prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in students in Urmia and Yazd, respectively. There was a significant relationship between obesity and overweight students and birth weight, formula or breastfeeding, time of starting solid foods, family income, family history of obesity, parents’ education, physical activity, time spent on TV and computer games, taking snacks, private school, and having rice during a week

22

Okati-Aliabad et al., 2022 [44]

11

2000–2020

257,555

aged > 15Ìýyears

BMI

The prevalence of obesity and overweight in Iran was estimated at 22.41 (19.32–25.99) and 33.92 (26.47–43.48), respectively

23

Abiri et al., 2023 [13]

152

January 2012 and December 2021

2,456,489

 ≤ 18Ìýyears

 &²µ³Ù; 18Ìýyears

Combination of age groups

BMI

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in Iran was estimated at 20.1 (95% CI 17.92–22.30) and 13.44 (95% CI 11.76–15.22), respectively. This percentage (95% CI) was 11.71 (10.98–12.46) for overweight and 8.08 (7.02–9.22) for obesity in those aged ≤ 18Ìýyears, and 35.26

(32.61–37.99) for overweight and 21.38 (19.61–23.20) for obesity in those aged &²µ³Ù; 18Ìýyears. The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in the entire population was 35.09% (95% CI 31.31–38.98)

24

Hojjati et al., 2023 [45]

10

Up to November 2022

6,831

Iranian university students

BMI

the overall GO prevalence in IUSs was detected 5.1% (95% CI:1.6–15.4), the overall OW prevalence was 17.7% (95% CI:12.5–24.5), The overall AO prevalence in IUSs was detected 12.5% (CI95% = 9.1–16.9). the highest OW prevalence was detected at 15% (95% CI:10.4–21.3) in male IUSs and the highest AO prevalence was reported at 11.4% (95% CI:6.2–20.2) in male IUSs