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Table 4 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with minimum meal frequency (MMF)

From: Determinants of minimum meal frequency among children in Kumbungu District of Ghana: a cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Total population

N = 395(%)

MMF Met

N = 287(%)

MMF Unmet N = 34(%)

P Value

Maternal age

ÌýÌýÌý

ND

 &±ô³Ù;20

3 (100)

3 (100)

0 (0.0)

Ìý

 20-30

262 (100)

185 (70.6)

77 (29.4)

Ìý

 31-40

120 (100)

94 (78.3)

26 (21.7)

Ìý

 &²µ³Ù;40

5 (100)

3 (60)

2 (40)

Ìý

Religion

 C³ó°ù¾±²õ³Ù¾±²¹²Ô

1(100)

1(100)

0 (0.0)

ND

 M³Ü²õ±ô¾±³¾

394 (100)

285 (72.3)

109 (27.7)

Ìý

Marital status

 M²¹°ù°ù¾±±ð»å

393 (100)

284(72.3)

109(27.7)

ND

â€Çȱð±è²¹°ù²¹³Ù±ð»å

2(100)

2(100)

0 (0.0)

Ìý

Employment Status

 U²Ô±ð³¾±è±ô´Ç²â±ð»å

216(100)

160(74.1)

56(25.9)

0.415

 U²Ô±ð³¾±è±ô´Ç²â±ð»å

179 (100)

126 (70.4)

53(29.6)

Ìý

Maternal educational level completed

 N´Ç²Ô±ð

220 (100)

152 (69.1)

68 (30.9)

0.608*

 P°ù¾±³¾²¹°ù²â

86 (100)

66 (76.7)

20 (23.3)

Ìý

 Middle/ J.H.S

56(100)

43(76.8)

13(23.2)

Ìý

â€ÇÈ.±á.³§

26(100)

20(76.9)

6(23.1)

Ìý

 T±ð°ù³Ù¾±²¹°ù²â

7(100)

5(71.4)

2(28.6)

Ìý

Household monthly income (GHÈ»)

 < 500

381(100)

275 (72.2)

106(27.8)

0.766*

 ≥ 500

14(100)

11 (78.6)

3(21.4)

Ìý

Birth interval

 < 1 year

69(100)

54(78.3)

15(21.1)

0.457*

 1 year

7(100)

4 (57.1)

3(42.9)

Ìý

 2 years

31(100)

21 (67.7)

10(32.3)

Ìý

 >2 years

285(100)

204 (71.6)

81(28.4)

Ìý

Child sex

 M²¹±ô±ð

192 (100)

138 (71.9)

54(28.1)

0.891

 F±ð³¾²¹±ô±ð

203 (100)

148 (72.9)

55(27.1)

Ìý

Age of child

ÌýÌýÌý

<0.001

 6-8 months

102(100)

55(53.9)

47(46.1)

Ìý

 9-23 months

293(100)

231(78.8)

62 (21.2)

Ìý

Place of delivery

ÌýÌýÌý

0.274

‽ö´Ç³¾±ð

111(100)

76 (68.5)

35(31.5)

Ìý

 Health institution

284(100)

210 (73.9)

74(26.1)

Ìý

Number of ANC visits

 1

1(100)

1 (100)

0 (0.0)

ND

 2-3

12 (100)

9 (75.0)

3(25)

Ìý

 ≥4

382(100)

276 (72.3)

106 (27.7)

Ìý

Postnatal care visits

 Y±ð²õ

389(100)

283 (72.8)

106(27.2)

1.000*

 N´Ç

6(100)

3 (50.0)

3(50)

Ìý

Currently breastfeeding

 Y±ð²õ

382(100)

274 (71.7)

108(28.3)

0.124*

 N´Ç

13(100)

12 (92.3)

1(7.7)

Ìý

Early initiation of breastfeeding

 Y±ð²õ

271(100)

201 (74.2)

70(25.8)

0.246

 N´Ç

124(100)

85 (68.5)

39(31.5)

Ìý

Exclusively breastfed

 Y±ð²õ

356(100)

253 (71.1)

103(28.9)

0.260

 N´Ç

28(100)

23 (82.1)

5(17.9)

Ìý

Nutritional knowledge

 Poor knowledge

67(100)

44 (65.7)

23(34.3)

0.175

 Good knowledge

328(100)

242 (73.8)

86(26.2)

Ìý

MDDS

 U²Ô³¾±ð³Ù

114(100)

38 (33.3)

76(66.7)

<0.001

 M±ð³Ù

281(100)

248 (88.3)

33(11.7)

Ìý

Has child fell sick in the last two weeks?

 Y±ð²õ

129(100)

87 (67.4)

42(32.6)

0.124

 N´Ç

266(100)

199 (74.8)

67(25.2)

Ìý

Underweight

 Y±ð²õ

99 (100)

67 (67.7)

32 (32.3)

0.246

 N´Ç

293 (100)

216 (73.7)

77 (26.3)

Ìý

Stunted

ÌýÌýÌý

0.177

 Y±ð²õ

97 (100)

65 (67)

32 (33)

Ìý

 N´Ç

297 (100)

220 (74.1)

77 (25.9)

Ìý

Wasted

ÌýÌýÌý

0.291

 Y±ð²õ

73 (100)

49 (67.1)

24 (32.9)

Ìý

 N´Ç

318 (100)

233 (73.3)

85 (26.7)

Ìý
  1. ND denotes not defined, P-values with asterisk denote Fisher’s exact test while p-values without asterisk denote Chi-square test