听 | Asia and Melanesia | Latin America and Caribbeana | North Africa/ West Asia/Eastern Europe | Sub-Saharan Africa | Totala | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
听 | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value | aOR | 95% CI | p-value |
Women鈥檚 characteristics | |||||||||||||||
Woman鈥檚 age (years) | |||||||||||||||
15-19 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
20-24 | 1.04 | 0.67; 1.61 | 0.877 | 1.18 | 0.68; 2.03 | 0.556 | 1.42 | 0.52; 3.87 | 0.488 | 1.25 | 0.99; 1.58 | 0.065 | 1.12 | 0.92; 1.36 | 0.253 |
25-29 | 0.92 | 0.59; 1.43 | 0.709 | 1.32 | 0.77; 2.25 | 0.313 | 0.55 | 0.19; 1.57 | 0.264 | 1.11 | 0.87; 1.41 | 0.387 | 0.96 | 0.79; 1.17 | 0.701 |
30-34 | 0.96 | 0.61; 1.50 | 0.851 | 1.39 | 0.81; 2.38 | 0.233 | 0.71 | 0.24; 2.07 | 0.530 | 0.95 | 0.74; 1.23 | 0.709 | 0.88 | 0.72; 1.07 | 0.210 |
35-39 | 0.80 | 0.50; 1.28 | 0.358 | 1.83 | 1.05; 3.19 | 0.034* | 0.70 | 0.23; 2.11 | 0.524 | 0.75 | 0.57; 0.99 | 0.044* | 0.75 | 0.60; 0.93 | 0.008* |
40-44 | 0.62 | 0.39; 1.00 | 0.049* | 1.42 | 0.77; 2.59 | 0.259 | 0.50 | 0.16; 1.58 | 0.237 | 0.66 | 0.50; 0.88 | 0.004* | 0.60 | 0.48; 0.75 | <0.001** |
45-49 | 0.67 | 0.41; 1.08 | 0.100 | 1.34 | 0.74; 2.44 | 0.336 | 0.38 | 0.12; 1.21 | 0.102 | 0.68 | 0.50; 0.92 | 0.012* | 0.62 | 0.49; 0.77 | <0.001** |
Age at first cohabitation (years) | |||||||||||||||
<15 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
15-19 | 1.27 | 1.06; 1.52 | 0.010* | 1.13 | 0.94; 1.37 | 0.196 | 0.99 | 0.72; 1.37 | 0.964 | 1.12 | 1.03; 1.21 | 0.008* | 1.41 | 1.09; 1.83 | 0.009* |
20-24 | 0.86 | 0.70; 1.05 | 0.130 | 0.57 | 0.42; 0.79 | <0.001** | 0.82 | 0.58; 1.15 | 0.257 | 0.99 | 0.88; 1.11 | 0.838 | 1.37 | 1.03; 1.84 | 0.032* |
25+ | 1.08 | 0.84; 1.39 | 0.545 | 0.36 | 0.22; 0.57 | <0.001** | 1.26 | 0.79; 2.01 | 0.329 | 0.89 | 0.72; 1.09 | 0.255 | 1.72 | 1.18; 2.50 | 0.005* |
Marital status | |||||||||||||||
Previously married | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Currently married | 0.16 | 0.11; 0.23 | <0.001** | 0.43 | 0.35; 0.52 | <0.001** | 0.14 | 0.09; 0.22 | <0.001** | 0.39 | 0.35; 0.44 | <0.001** | 0.33 | 0.30; 0.36 | <0.001** |
Woman鈥檚 education | |||||||||||||||
No education | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Primary | 1.33 | 1.00; 1.77 | 0.050* | 1.45 | 1.09; 1.92 | 0.011* | 1.10 | 0.51; 2.36 | 0.812 | 1.54 | 1.38; 1.72 | <0.001** | 1.64 | 1.45; 1.87 | <0.001** |
Secondary or higher | 1.39 | 1.09; 1.78 | 0.008* | 1.65 | 1.20; 2.27 | 0.002* | 1.73 | 0.88; 3.44 | 0.114 | 1.23 | 1.06; 1.42 | 0.005* | 1.58 | 1.37; 1.84 | <0.001** |
Woman is working | |||||||||||||||
No | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Yes | 1.23 | 1.06; 1.42 | 0.007* | 1.13 | 0.94; 1.36 | 0.204 | 1.23 | 0.83; 1.82 | 0.311 | 1.49 | 1.33; 1.66 | <0.001** | 1.39 | 1.30; 1.49 | <0.001** |
Who earns more | |||||||||||||||
About the same | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Husband/partner earns more | 0.87 | 0.56; 1.36 | 0.540 | 0.81 | 0.57; 1.15 | 0.242 | 3.42 | 0.77; 15.27 | 0.107 | 1.14 | 0.91; 1.42 | 0.265 | 1.30 | 1.10; 1.54 | 0.002* |
Woman earns more than him | 1.83 | 1.20; 2.80 | 0.005* | 1.11 | 0.71; 1.74 | 0.632 | 5.53 | 1.15; 26.66 | 0.033* | 1.47 | 1.10; 1.98 | 0.010* | 1.55 | 1.24; 1.93 | <0.001** |
Exposure to mass media (at least once a week) | |||||||||||||||
Reading newspaper or magazine | 1.44 | 1.11; 1.87 | 0.006* | 1.00 | 0.77; 1.29 | 0.990 | 0.69 | 0.39; 1.23 | 0.212 | 1.20 | 1.02; 1.40 | 0.028* | 1.12 | 1.01; 1.23 | 0.030* |
Listening to radio | 1.58 | 1.35; 1.85 | <0.001** | 1.06 | 0.85; 1.34 | 0.600 | 0.99 | 0.63; 1.57 | 0.979 | 1.12 | 1.01; 1.24 | 0.038* | 1.17 | 1.09; 1.26 | <0.001** |
Watching television | 1.27 | 1.02; 1.60 | 0.035* | 1.29 | 1.00; 1.67 | 0.054 | 0.98 | 0.45; 2.11 | 0.950 | 0.86 | 0.74; 1.00 | 0.050* | 0.87 | 0.79; 0.95 | 0.003* |
Current pregnancy wanted | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Later | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Then | 1.25 | 0.65; 2.41 | 0.501 | 0.82 | 0.30; 2.23 | 0.700 | 0.17 | 0.04; 0.75 | 0.019* | 0.74 | 0.56; 0.99 | 0.041* | 0.80 | 0.63; 1.02 | 0.068 |
Not at all | 0.93 | 0.38; 2.25 | 0.864 | 2.37 | 0.85; 6.63 | 0.100 | 0.73 | 0.06; 8.63 | 0.804 | 1.40 | 0.90; 2.18 | 0.133 | 1.09 | 0.76; 1.56 | 0.640 |
Partner/family characteristics | |||||||||||||||
Partner鈥檚 age (years) | |||||||||||||||
<21 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
21-30 | 1.01 | 0.84; 1.22 | 0.890 | 1.51 | 1.01; 2.24 | 0.043* | 0.68 | 0.32; 1.44 | 0.309 | 1.04 | 0.91; 1.20 | 0.536 | 1.07 | 0.97; 1.19 | 0.180 |
31-40 | 0.97 | 0.85; 1.10 | 0.620 | 1.07 | 0.86; 1.34 | 0.543 | 0.91 | 0.62; 1.33 | 0.626 | 1.13 | 1.02; 1.26 | 0.020* | 1.04 | 0.96; 1.12 | 0.309 |
41-50 | 0.98 | 0.82; 1.16 | 0.798 | 0.85 | 0.65; 1.11 | 0.237 | 0.37 | 0.21; 0.68 | 0.001* | 0.98 | 0.86; 1.11 | 0.737 | 0.96 | 0.87; 1.05 | 0.360 |
51-60 | 1.15 | 0.90; 1.49 | 0.267 | 0.41 | 0.17; 0.99 | 0.048* | 1.33 | 0.77; 2.30 | 0.306 | 0.77 | 0.64; 0.93 | 0.007* | 0.94 | 0.82; 1.08 | 0.372 |
>60 | 0.48 | 0.24; 0.97 | 0.040* | 0.91 | 0.47; 1.75 | 0.778 | 1.05 | 0.48; 2.34 | 0.896 | 0.79 | 0.59; 1.06 | 0.113 | 0.82 | 0.66; 1.04 | 0.101 |
Partner鈥檚 education | |||||||||||||||
No education | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Primary | 1.47 | 1.12; 1.93 | 0.006* | 1.13 | 0.85; 1.50 | 0.411 | 0.99 | 0.58; 1.69 | 0.969 | 1.54 | 1.34; 1.77 | <0.001** | 1.59 | 1.37; 1.85 | <0.001** |
Secondary or higher | 1.28 | 1.03; 1.58 | 0.024* | 1.01 | 0.68; 1.48 | 0.973 | 0.52 | 0.31; 0.88 | 0.015* | 1.14 | 1.02; 1.28 | 0.025* | 1.22 | 1.04; 1.42 | 0.012* |
Partner is working | |||||||||||||||
No | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Yes | 0.55 | 0.38; 0.79 | 0.001* | 0.52 | 0.24; 1.11 | 0.089 | 1.90 | 0.95; 3.78 | 0.069 | 0.66 | 0.45; 0.96 | 0.029* | 0.75 | 0.59; 0.95 | 0.019* |
Partner drinks alcohol | |||||||||||||||
Never | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Often | 2.52 | 1.78; 3.58 | <0.001** | 1.65 | 1.25; 2.19 | <0.001** | 0.38 | 0.10; 1.53 | 0.173 | 3.71 | 2.97; 4.64 | <0.001** | 3.86 | 3.20; 4.66 | <0.001** |
Sometimes | 1.46 | 1.05; 2.04 | 0.025* | 1.17 | 0.92; 1.50 | 0.202 | 0.39 | 0.10; 1.51 | 0.173 | 1.51 | 1.21; 1.89 | <0.001** | 1.28 | 1.07; 1.55 | 0.008* |
Number of living children | 1.18 | 1.14; 1.22 | <0.001** | 1.09 | 1.03; 1.15 | 0.005* | 1.07 | 0.96; 1.20 | 0.213 | 1.13 | 1.10; 1.16 | <0.001** | 1.15 | 1.13; 1.18 | <0.001** |
Women鈥檚 father abused her mother | |||||||||||||||
No | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Yes | 3.69 | 3.23; 4.21 | <0.001** | 2.17 | 1.79; 2.61 | <0.001** | 3.07 | 2.19; 4.31 | <0.001** | 2.17 | 1.98; 2.38 | <0.001** | 2.71 | 2.53; 2.90 | <0.001** |
Afraid of partner | |||||||||||||||
Never | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Most of the time | 7.63 | 6.08; 9.59 | <0.001** | 3.70 | 2.87; 4.78 | <0.001** | 14.09 | 9.12; 21.78 | <0.001** | 7.39 | 6.54; 8.36 | <0.001** | 6.50 | 5.93; 7.14 | <0.001** |
Sometimes | 1.86 | 1.47; 2.34 | <0.001** | 1.05 | 0.85; 1.29 | 0.644 | 2.29 | 1.50; 3.48 | <0.001** | 2.52 | 2.23; 2.86 | <0.001** | 1.85 | 1.69; 2.04 | <0.001** |
Community/societal characteristics | |||||||||||||||
Place of residence | |||||||||||||||
Urban | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Rural | 1.20 | 1.00; 1.43 | 0.044* | 0.64 | 0.52; 0.80 | <0.001** | 1.52 | 1.06; 2.18 | 0.021* | 1.05 | 0.94; 1.18 | 0.393 | 1.27 | 1.01; 1.61 | 0.043* |
Wealth index | |||||||||||||||
Poorer or Poorest | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Middle | 1.11 | 0.78; 1.60 | 0.553 | 1.00 | 0.79; 1.25 | 0.970 | 1.01 | 0.66; 1.53 | 0.979 | 0.86 | 0.76; 0.96 | 0.008* | 0.89 | 0.82; 0.97 | 0.009* |
Richer or Richest | 1.73 | 1.16; 2.57 | 0.007* | 0.64 | 0.49; 0.82 | <0.001** | 1.24 | 0.79; 1.94 | 0.353 | 0.80 | 0.70; 0.91 | <0.001** | 1.22 | 1.05; 1.43 | 0.011* |
Decision making | |||||||||||||||
Woman alone | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Woman and partner | 0.80 | 0.66; 0.97 | 0.024* | 0.72 | 0.57; 0.93 | 0.011* | 0.80 | 0.49; 1.31 | 0.375 | 0.73 | 0.63; 0.84 | <0.001** | 0.82 | 0.72; 0.93 | 0.003* |
Partner alone | 1.48 | 1.20; 1.83 | <0.001** | 0.71 | 0.50; 1.01 | 0.059 | 0.89 | 0.51; 1.58 | 0.699 | 0.86 | 0.74; 1.00 | 0.043* | 1.22 | 1.05; 1.41 | 0.009* |
Controlling behavior: Partner... | |||||||||||||||
jealous if respondent talks with other men/women | 4.23 | 3.64; 4.90 | <0.001** | 3.04 | 2.48; 3.73 | <0.001** | 2.38 | 1.63; 3.50 | <0.001** | 2.99 | 2.69; 3.32 | <0.001** | 3.52 | 3.25; 3.80 | <0.001** |
accuses respondent of unfaithfulness | 4.20 | 3.66; 4.83 | <0.001** | 3.78 | 3.13; 4.56 | <0.001** | 3.93 | 2.59; 5.96 | <0.001** | 3.13 | 2.85; 3.43 | <0.001** | 3.67 | 3.42; 3.94 | <0.001** |
does not permit respondent to meet female/male friends | 2.68 | 2.34; 3.07 | <0.001** | 3.29 | 2.73; 3.96 | <0.001** | 3.20 | 2.19; 4.69 | <0.001** | 2.86 | 2.60; 3.14 | <0.001** | 2.90 | 2.71; 3.11 | <0.001** |
tries to limit respondent鈥檚 contact with family | 3.38 | 2.94; 3.89 | <0.001** | 3.19 | 2.61; 3.90 | <0.001** | 4.14 | 2.89; 5.93 | <0.001** | 3.15 | 2.84; 3.48 | <0.001** | 3.30 | 3.06; 3.56 | <0.001** |
insists on knowing where respondent is | 3.44 | 3.02; 3.93 | <0.001** | 2.59 | 2.14; 3.15 | <0.001** | 2.53 | 1.85; 3.46 | <0.001** | 2.54 | 2.31; 2.79 | <0.001** | 2.94 | 2.75; 3.15 | <0.001** |
Wife beating justified if wife | |||||||||||||||
goes out without telling husband | 0.91 | 0.75; 1.10 | 0.349 | 0.66 | 0.37; 1.19 | 0.170 | 0.99 | 0.57; 1.72 | 0.971 | 0.86 | 0.74; 1.00 | 0.044* | 0.93 | 0.87; 0.99 | 0.015* |
neglects the children | 0.86 | 0.65; 1.12 | 0.254 | 0.85 | 0.50; 1.44 | 0.533 | 0.64 | 0.38; 1.10 | 0.106 | 0.86 | 0.74; 0.99 | 0.039* | 0.93 | 0.87; 0.98 | 0.011* |
argues with husband | 0.74 | 0.56; 0.98 | 0.033* | 0.57 | 0.28; 1.16 | 0.121 | 0.51 | 0.28; 0.92 | 0.025* | 0.84 | 0.72; 0.98 | 0.022* | 0.90 | 0.84; 0.96 | 0.002* |
refuses to have sex with husband | 0.87 | 0.64; 1.18 | 0.365 | 0.63 | 0.41; 0.97 | 0.036* | 0.54 | 0.29; 1.01 | 0.054 | 0.79 | 0.68; 0.92 | 0.002* | 0.99 | 0.83; 1.17 | 0.869 |
burns the food | 0.77 | 0.58; 1.03 | 0.083 | 0.54 | 0.25; 1.18 | 0.122 | 0.32 | 0.15; 0.70 | 0.004* | 0.89 | 0.82; 0.98 | 0.014* | 0.89 | 0.82; 0.96 | 0.002* |
Health-seeking barriers (Following is a 鈥渂ig problem鈥) | |||||||||||||||
getting permission to go | 2.47 | 2.03; 3.00 | <0.001** | 1.70 | 1.23; 2.35 | 0.001* | 1.75 | 1.12; 2.73 | 0.015* | 0.82 | 0.69; 0.99 | 0.038* | 2.29 | 1.97; 2.65 | <0.001** |
getting money needed for treatment | 2.38 | 1.89; 3.00 | <0.001** | 3.23 | 2.06; 5.06 | <0.001** | 1.26 | 0.87; 1.84 | 0.223 | 1.25 | 1.13; 1.38 | <0.001** | 2.83 | 2.32; 3.46 | <0.001** |
distance to health care facility | 2.47 | 1.91; 3.20 | <0.001** | 1.44 | 1.04; 2.02 | 0.031* | 1.56 | 1.09; 2.22 | 0.015* | 0.97 | 0.88; 1.06 | 0.471 | 2.25 | 1.86; 2.73 | <0.001** |
not wanting to go alone | 2.40 | 1.93; 2.98 | <0.001** | 1.80 | 1.32; 2.47 | <0.001** | 1.93 | 1.39; 2.69 | <0.001** | 1.00 | 0.89; 1.11 | 0.936 | 2.35 | 1.99; 2.77 | <0.001** |
Sample size | 听 | 2,556 | 听 | 听 | 1,856 | 听 | 听 | 610 | 听 | 听 | 4,050 | 听 | 听 | 9,072 | 听 |