Table 6 Univariable and multivariable analyses of the associating factors of mHealth apps use among patients living with diabetes (n鈥�=鈥�295)
Variables | mHealth apps users (n鈥�=鈥�40), n (%) | mHealth apps non-users (n鈥�=鈥�255), n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic profiles | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Gender | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僃别尘补濒别 | 21 (52.5) | 141 (55.3) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 听 | 听 |
鈥僊补濒别 | 19 (47.5) | 114 (44.7) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.74) | 0.741 | 听 | 听 |
Age (years) [mean (SD)] | 50.1 (11.36) | 54.4 (12.45) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.043 | 听 | 听 |
Ethnicity | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僊补濒补测 | 28 (70.0) | 144 (56.5) | 1.46 (0.63, 3.38) | 0.380 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僀丑颈苍别蝉别 | 4 (10.0) | 51 (20.0) | 0.59 (0.17, 2.07) | 0.408 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僆苍诲颈补苍 | 8 (20.0) | 60 (23.5) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 听 | 听 |
Marital status | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僊补谤谤颈别诲 | 32 (80.0) | 226 (88.6) | 0.85 (0.18, 3.97) | 0.836 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僓苍尘补谤谤颈别诲 | 6 (15.0) | 17 (6.7) | 2.12 (0.36, 12.34) | 0.404 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僁ivorced / Widow / Widower | 2 (5.0) | 12 (4.7) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 听 | 听 |
Highest Education Level | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥働谤颈尘补谤测 | 3 (7.5) | 56 (22.0) | 0.48 (0.05, 5.16) | 0.546 | 听 | 听 |
鈥侨别肠辞苍诲补谤测 | 19 (47.5) | 138 (54.1) | 1.24 (0.15, 10.33) | 0.843 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僒别谤迟颈补谤测 | 17 (42.5) | 52 (20.4) | 2.94 (0.35, 24.94) | 0.322 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僋o formal education | 1 (2.5) | 9 (3.5) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 听 | 听 |
Occupation | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僂尘辫濒辞测别诲 | 27 (67.5) | 105 (41.2) | 2.20 (0.91, 5.37) | 0.082 | 1.36 (0.41, 4.49) | 0.618 |
鈥僓苍别尘辫濒辞测别诲 | 6 (15.0) | 90 (35.3) | 0.57 (0.18, 1.78) | 0.335 | 0.37 (0.08, 1.60) | 0.181 |
鈥僐别迟颈谤别诲 | 7 (17.5) | 60 (23.5) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1.00 (reference) | - |
Medical profiles | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Duration of diabetes (years) [median, IQR] | 5.0 (2.3, 9.8) | 6.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.100 | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.046 |
Comorbidities (multiple responses) | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥仅测辫别谤迟别苍蝉颈辞苍 | 26 (65.0) | 145 (56.9) | 1.41 (0.70, 2.82) | 0.334 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僁测蝉濒颈辫颈诲补别尘颈补 | 14 (35.0) | 112 (43.9) | 0.69 (0.34, 1.38) | 0.291 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僌迟丑别谤蝉* | 8 (20.0) | 14 (5.5) | 4.30 (1.68, 11.06) | 0.002 | 12.05 (2.96, 49.11) | 0.001 |
Diabetes medication regimes | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僌ral medication only | 20 (50.0) | 149 (58.4) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.34) | 0.262 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僆nsulin therapy only | 1 (2.5) | 10 (3.9) | 0.51 (0.06, 4.18) | 0.527 | 听 | 听 |
鈥傿oth oral and insulin | 19 (47.5) | 96 (37.6) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 听 | 听 |
References for diabetes management (multiple responses) | 听 | 听 | 听 | |||
鈥僅ealthcare providers | 38 (95.0) | 235 (92.2) | 1.62 (0.36, 7.20) | 0.528 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僃amily and friends | 18 (45.0) | 60 (23.5) | 2.66 (1.34, 5.29) | 0.005 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僌nline resources | 16 (40.0) | 41 (16.1) | 3.48 (1.70, 7.12) | 0.001 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僊obile applications | 3 (7.5) | 6 (2.4) | 3.37 (0.81, 14.04) | 0.096 | 听 | 听 |
Usage of smart devices | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 |
Duration of smart devices usage per day (hours) [mean (SD)] | 3.9 (2.15) | 3.5 (3.53) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 0.505 | 听 | 听 |
Types of mobile applications downloaded (multiple responses) | 听 | |||||
鈥僑ocial interaction and transportation | 34 (85.0) | 230 (90.2) | 0.62 (0.24, 1.61) | 0.323 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僋ews & updates | 18 (45.0) | 81 (31.8) | 1.76 (0.89, 3.46) | 0.102 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僄补尘别蝉 | 16 (40.0) | 63 (24.7) | 2.03 (1.02, 4.07) | 0.045 | 听 | 听 |
鈥僅ealth and lifestyles | 26 (65.0) | 41 (16.1) | 9.69 (4.67, 20.13) | &濒迟;鈥�0.001 | 12.82 (4.63, 35.45) | &濒迟;鈥�0.001 |
鈥僂ducational materials | 13 (32.5) | 28 (11.0) | 3.90 (1.81, 8.43) | 0.001 | 听 | 听 |
鈥傿耻蝉颈苍别蝉蝉-谤别濒补迟别诲 | 6 (15.0) | 17 (6.7) | 2.47 (0.91, 6.70) | 0.076 | 听 | 听 |
Awareness of availability of health apps | 听 | 听 | 听 | 听 | ||
鈥僓苍补飞补谤别 | 3 (7.5) | 189 (74.1) | 1.00 (reference) | - | 1.00 | - |
鈥倾飞补谤别 | 37 (92.5) | 66 (25.9) | 35.32 (10.54, 118.38) | &濒迟;鈥�0.001 | 53.09 (12.58, 224.09) | &濒迟;鈥�0.001 |