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Table 2 Comparison of general characteristics by BMI category among adults with T2DM, KNHANES 2019鈥�2021 (n鈥�=鈥�2,284)

From: Lean diabetes: 20-year trends in its prevalence and clinical features among Korean adults

听

BMI鈥�<鈥�23听kg/m2

BMI鈥夆墺鈥�23听kg/m2

P value *

Sample size

547

1,737

听

Age (years)

65.6 (0.5)

60.5 (0.4)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Age鈥夆墺鈥�65 years (%)

54.3 (2.5)

42.4 (1.4)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Female (%)

47.9 (2.5)

45.0 (1.4)

0.3458

Rural resident (%)

23.7 (2.9)

21.7 (2.1)

0.3973

鈮� High school graduate (%)

51.4 (2.3)

48.7 (1.4)

0.3069

Lower household income (%) a

55.8 (2.4)

58.6 (1.5)

0.2979

Current smoker (%) b

20.8 (2.4)

15.8 (1.2)

0.0636

Current alcohol drinking (%) c

53.8 (2.4)

54.1 (1.6)

0.9007

Diabetes related factors

听听听

Family history (%)

43.2 (2.8)

38.8 (1.4)

0.1753

Age at diagnosed (years)

54.8 (0.7)

54.1 (0.4)

0.3650

Duration of diabetes (years)

11.3 (0.5)

9.1 (0.3)

0.0002

Recognition (%) d

74.3 (2.2)

66.4 (1.3)

0.0026

Treatment (%) e

68.2 (2.4)

62.7 (1.4)

0.0556

Control (%) f

27.2 (2.3)

24.8 (1.3)

0.3509

Taking insulin (%)

5.8 (1.1)

3.7 (0.5)

0.1000

Exercise (METs/week)

1805 (143)

1510 (61)

0.0606

Diet and anthropometrics

听听听

Energy (kcal/day)

1740 (42)

1744 (26)

0.9430

Energy adjusting for weight听(kcal/day)

1723 (34)

1716 (46)

0.9116

Carbohydrate (%kcal/day)

66.2 (0.6)

66.8 (0.4)

0.4686

Protein (%kcal/day)

15.0 (0.2)

14.7 (0.1)

0.4152

Fat (%kcal/day)

18.8 (0.5)

18.5 (0.3)

0.5845

Systolic BP (mmHg)

124.2 (1.0)

127.6 (0.5)

0.0014

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.6 (0.6)

73.7 (0.3)

0.0005

Height (cm)

161.1 (0.3)

161.2 (0.2)

0.7790

Weight (kg)

55.0 (0.3)

69.2 (0.3)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

BMI (kg/m2)

21.1 (0.1)

26.5 (0.1)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

WC (cm)

80.2 (0.4)

93.6 (0.2)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Waist-to-height ratio

0.50 (0.002)

0.58 (0.001)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Weight control attempts (%) g

12.6 (1.9)

44.2 (1.8)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Body compositionh

听听听

Percent lean body mass (%)

73.4 (0.1)

67.7 (0.1)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Percent ASM (%kg/wt)

30.6 (0.1)

28.4 (0.04)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

ASMI (kg/m2)

6.5 (0.02)

7.5 (0.02)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Percent body fat mass (%)

25.6 (0.1)

31.3 (0.07)

&濒迟;鈥�0.0001

Handgrip strength (kg)

26.6 (0.5)

28.6 (0.3)

0.0004

  1. Abbreviations: KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; BP, blood pressure; WC, waist circumference; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; ASMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index
  2. Note: All results are weighted and presented as mean and standard error (SE) for continuous variables and percentage and SE for categorical variables
  3. * P values for differences by two BMI categories were obtained using general linear models after adjusting for age, sex, and duration of diabetes
  4. a Lower household income is defined as the first and second quartiles of household income
  5. b Current smoker is defined as having smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke cigarettes
  6. c Current alcohol drinking is defined as having consumed at least 12 alcoholic drinks over the last year or in their lifetime and having consumed alcohol on at least 1听day during the last year
  7. d Recognition is defined as participants who had physician-diagnosed among those with diabetes
  8. e Treatment is defined as participants who are taking prescribed medicine among those with diabetes
  9. f Control is defined as participants with HbA1C鈥�<鈥�6.5% among those with diabetes
  10. g Weight control attempts are defined as an affirmative answer to any attempts made to control weight during the previous year
  11. h Body composition measures were estimated using validated prediction equations
  12. LBM
  13. Male: LBM = 鈥�0.296鈥�+鈥�0.012*age鈥�+鈥�0.134*height鈥�+鈥�0.675*weight鈥夆垝鈥�0.201*WC鈥夆垝鈥�0.249*creatinine鈥�+鈥�0.270*moderate physical activity鈥�+鈥�0.924*vigorous physical activity鈥夆垝鈥�0.559*former smoking鈥�+鈥�0.234*current smoking鈥夆垝鈥�0.046*moderate alcohol consumption鈥�+鈥�0.324*heavy alcohol consumption
  14. Female: LBM = 鈭掆��11.941鈥�+鈥�0.015*Age鈥�+鈥�0.171*ht鈥�+鈥�0.457*Wt鈥夆垝鈥�0.060*WC鈥�+鈥�0.428*sCr鈥�+鈥�0.181*PA_mod+鈥�0.654*PA_vig鈥夆垝鈥�0.254*Smk_ex鈥�+鈥�0.221*Smk_cur鈥�+鈥�0.209*Alc_mod鈥�+鈥�0.126*Alc_heavy
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