Role of turnover, downsizing, overtime and night shifts on workplace violence against healthcare workers: a seven-year ecological study

Table 4 Interactions between turnover, downsizing, number of night shifts and ward type in wards with night shift scheduling over the entire study period

听	RR	95% CI	Interaction p-value
Turnover (ED)	0.77	0.42鈥�1.41	0.16
Turnover (Psychiatric wards)	0.33	0.09鈥�1.14
Turnover (Other wards)	1.34	1.18鈥�1.53
Downsizing (ED)	1.42	0.76鈥�2.68	0.09
Downsizing (Psychiatric wards)	0.32	0.10鈥�1.02
Downsizing (Other wards)	1.05	0.94鈥�1.17
Number of night shifts^a (ED)	1.62	0.36鈥�7.26	0.02
Number of night shifts^a (Psychiatric wards)	8.73	1.92鈥�39.70
Number of night shifts^a (Other wards)	1.36	0.70鈥�2.63

Note. Coefficients represent change in WPV rates for each one standard deviation increase from the year-specific mean. All coefficients are mutually adjusted. The models are also adjusted for period, weekly overtime, female percentage, median age, median seniority. The model was run using data from all available years (2016鈥�2020 and 2022, n鈥�=鈥�575 ward-year observations, 232 WPV episodes, WPV rate: 2.05 [95%CI: 1.08鈥�2.32] per 100 active workers per year). Abbreviations: RR: Rate ratio. CI: Confidence interval, ED: Emergency Department
^a Per active worker engaged in night shifts

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