Table 1 Characteristics of the development process
Study ID | Development process | Is the development process evidence-based? | Stakeholder involvement | Program theory | Refine intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Nelson et al., 2018) | Key steps included assessing community needs, engaging tribal leaders and health programs to form a Tribal Advisory Panel, and developing a curriculum focused on chronic kidney disease (CKD) management tailored to local culture and preferences. | NA | Collaborated with Zuni tribal leadership and health programs; a Tribal Advisory Panel provided input into the trial鈥檚 design and monitoring. | NA | NA |
(Eaton et al., 2020) | Three-phase development: (1) Creating intervention messages with expert input, (2) Testing in a pilot RCT, and (3) Post-study feedback from participants. | NA | Involvement of pediatric nephrologists for medical feedback and adolescents with CKD for content review. | The COM-B model (Capability, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior) was used. It influenced the creation of intervention messages to enhance medication adherence and was used to explore the mechanism of adherence behaviour change | The intervention was modified based on direct feedback from the target population, adolescents and young adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These modifications focused on improving message acceptability, effectiveness, helpfulness, comprehension, and relevance. |
(Reilly-Spong et al., 2015) | The intervention was developed based on positive findings from prior trials of MBSR with solid organ transplant recipients and adapted to a teleconference format. | The development process is based on evidence from prior successful trials of MBSR in similar patient populations. | including collaboration among various experts in MBSR, kidney transplantation, and patient care. | The program is grounded in a transactional model of stress, employing secularised Buddhist meditation practices. | The intervention was refined for teleconference delivery, with adaptations to reduce travel and in-classroom time, while maintaining the core elements of MBSR. |
(Donald et al., 2019) | The development involved a 1-day consensus workshop utilizing personas (fictional characters) and cumulative voting techniques to identify preferences for content and features of an e-health tool for chronic kidney disease self-management. The preferences were identified using dot voting. | use of empirical evidence (quantitative and qualitative data) | Six patient partners and caregivers were involved throughout the study, including in the workshop, along with other stakeholders such as healthcare providers, clinicians, and policy-makers. | The Theoretical Domains Framework was used to understand the behaviours of patients and caregivers. | The intervention was refined by modifying the features and content of the e-health tool based on the preferences and needs identified during the consensus workshop. |
(Silva et al., 2021) | The software development involved three stages: a survey of the theoretical framework, content validation by judges, and the actual software development using the methodology proposed by Pressman, which includes communication, planning, modelling, construction, and implementation. | NA | nurses working in nephrology, including hemodialysis specialists, being selected as judges for content validation. | NA | The intervention (software) was refined based on feedback from the judges. Items with a Content Validation Index (CVI)鈥夆墺鈥�0.70 and <鈥�0.80 were revised according to judges鈥� suggestions. |
(Feizalahzadeh et al., 2014) | Five phases: content development, prototype development (two rounds), and evaluation by users and experts. It involved iterative design combined with patient and staff participation, integrating Mayer鈥檚 multimedia design principles. | NA | Patients on hemodialysis, hemodialysis staff, and multidisciplinary experts were involved in the development and evaluation phases. | Mayer鈥檚 cognitive theory of multimedia learning | The prototype was refined based on feedback from users and experts, including improvements in graphic quality, colour diversity, audio enhancements, and correction of typographical errors. |
(Lightfoot et al., 2022) | The development was executed in two sequential phases: the first phase focused on the development of the program鈥檚 content and materials using Intervention Mapping (IM) as a guiding framework. The second phase entailed the adoption and adaptation of an existing digital platform, MyDESMOND, to align with the developed content and materials for CKD self-management. | Based on 4 previous systematic reviews and 3 integrative reviews. | The steering group comprised healthcare professionals, digital health experts, and researchers, alongside significant patient and public involvement (PPI). | Self-Management Framework, Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) Model, Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model, Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), Common Sense Model | The program was pilot-tested and evaluated to refine the program based on feedback and empirical data |