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Table 3 Age stratified analysis of sex differences in feeding exposures, association with stunting, and potential moderation by sex

From: Are boys more vulnerable to stunting? Examining risk factors, differential sensitivity, and measurement issues in Zambian infants and young children

Ìý

0–5 months

(n = 1896)

6–24 months

(n = 5506)

Consumed in past 24Ìýh

Boys

%(n)

Girlsa

%(n)

Pooled Sampleb

OR (95%CI)

Evidence for moderation by sex?c

Boys

%(n)

Girlsa

%(n)

Pooled

Sampleb

OR (95%CI)

Evidence for moderation by sex?c

Breastmilk

96.5

(915)

96.4

(961)

0.77

(0.43, 1.40)

No

74.1

(2128)

72.8

(1941)

1.43***

(1.21, 1.68)

No

Water

25.8

(245)

19.9**

(198)

0.85

(0.62, 1.16)

Yes, P = 0.09

97.1

(2790)

97.5

(2601)

1.16

(0.78, 1.72)

No

Milk

1.6

(15)

1.4

(14)

0.42

(0.12, 1.44)

No

7.0

(202)

6.7

(179)

0.88

(0.68, 1.12)

No

Formula

1.3

(12)

2.0

(20)

0.53

(0.18, 1.60)

No

1.6

(46)

1.4

(37)

0.24***

(0.10, 0.56)

No

Solids

19.7

(186)

16.2*

(161)

0.84

(0.60, 1.18)

No

94.6

(2718)

94.5

(2520)

0.95

(0.73, 1.26)

No

Vitamin A rich foods

0.95

(9)

0.70

(7)

0.50

(0.11, 2.35)

No

18.9

(545)

19.7

(525)

0.91

(0.78, 1.06)

No

Dark green leafy vegetables

2.2

(21)

3.0

(30)

0.30*

(0.10, 0.86)

No

58.8

(1691)

61.2

(1632)

0.90

(0.79, 1.03)

No

Other fruits and vegetables

2.7

(26)

1.9

(19)

0.82

(0.36, 1.85)

No

41.7

(1197)

43.0

(1147)

0.80***

(0.70, 0.91)

No

Animal source foods

4.9

(46)

5.1

(51)

0.64

(0.36, 1.16)

No

52.6

(1511)

52.2

(1393)

0.83**

(0.73, 0.94)

No

Legumes

3.1

(29)

3.1

(31)

1.03

(0.54, 1.97)

No

24.5

(705)

24.1

(643)

0.97

(0.85, 1.12)

No

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p &±ô³Ù; 0.001; aAsterisk indicates significant sex difference in chi-square analysis; bOR for association between diet exposure and risk of stunting; cbased on p value < 0.10 for interaction term between feeding and sex. All models are adjusted for infant age and clustering by enumeration area and district