Associations between smartphone addiction, parenting styles, and mental well-being among adolescents aged 15鈥�19 years in Gujarat, India

Table 4 Association between smartphone addiction and mental well-being (adjusted odds Ratios)

Mental Well-being	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	p-value
Depression
Normal	Reference	Reference	-
Mild	1.62 (1.08鈥�2.42)	1.32 (0.84鈥�2.08)	0.228
Moderate	3.00 (1.92鈥�4.69)	2.17 (1.31鈥�3.59)	0.003
Severe	5.67 (3.11鈥�10.33)	3.95 (2.05鈥�7.61)	<鈥�0.001 ***
Anxiety
Normal	Reference	Reference	-
Mild	2.67 (1.73鈥�4.12)	2.11 (1.31鈥�3.41)	0.002 *
Moderate	4.92 (3.02鈥�8.01)	3.47 (2.01鈥�5.99)	<鈥�0.001 **
Severe	9.33 (4.81鈥�18.10)	6.28 (3.09鈥�12.78)	<鈥�0.001 **
Stress
Normal	Reference	Reference	-
Mild	3.04 (1.88鈥�4.92)	2.21 (1.29鈥�3.79)	0.004 *
Moderate	6.92 (4.20-11.42)	4.63 (2.66鈥�8.07)	<鈥�0.001 **
Severe	17.50 (8.75-35.00)	10.82 (5.11鈥�22.88)	<鈥�0.001 **

Note: The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) are obtained in the model that controls for potentially confounding variables such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, use of hand-free kit, residence, parents education, years of usage, duration of use, academic performance, perception that smartphone use is harmful, and parenting styles. p-惫补濒耻别鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.05*-蝉颈驳苍颈蹿颈肠补苍迟, p鈥�<鈥�0.001**-highly significant

ISSN: 1471-2458