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Table 2 Distribution (%) of children鈥檚 intelligence quotient (IQ) by sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status categories

From: Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children

听

Low/borderline

Below average

Average

High average

Superior

Likelihood ratio

p value

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Sex

鈥傿辞测蝉

10.1

8.3, 12.2

14.3

11.6, 17.5

38.0

34.5, 41.7

20.7

17.9, 23.7

16.9

14.5, 19.7

18.726

辫鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.05

鈥僄颈谤濒蝉

14.5

11.9, 17.6

13.1

10.6, 16.0

40.3

36.6, 44.1

15.9

13.5, 18.6

16.3

13.6, 19.3

听听

Age groups

鈥�5.0鈥�6.9鈥墆别补谤蝉

14.6

11.3, 18.7

11.9

9.2, 15.4

36.0

31.5, 40.7

19.4

15.9, 23.4

18.1

14.8, 22.0

37.301

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.01

鈥�7.0鈥�9.9鈥墆别补谤蝉

12.4

10.1, 15.1

13.5

11.0, 16.5

36.2

32.3, 40.3

17.6

14.8, 20.9

20.2

17.1, 23.8

听听

鈥�10.0鈥�12.9鈥墆别补谤蝉

10.5

7.9, 13.8

15.0

11.4, 19.4

44.1

39.4, 48.9

18.4

15.3, 22.0

12.0

9.4, 15.2

听听

Residence

鈥僓谤产补苍

11.9

10.0, 14.1

13.1

10.9, 15.6

38.8

35.8, 42.0

17.9

15.8, 20.3

18.2

16.0, 20.6

21.290

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.01

鈥僐耻谤补濒

13.3

11.0, 16.1

16.2

12.9, 20.1

40.3

36.0, 44.7

20.0

16.5, 24.1

10.2

8.2, 12.7

听听

Income groups

鈥傿elow MYR1500

17.3

14.0, 21.1

17.5

13.6, 22.2

43.2

38.4, 48.1

13.9

11.2, 17.1

8.2

6.2, 10.7

151.781

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.001

鈥僊驰搁1500-惭驰搁2299

12.9

9.3, 17.7

13.9

10.3, 18.5

37.9

32.0, 44.2

21.5

17.0, 26.9

13.8

10.4, 18.1

听听

鈥僊驰搁2300-惭驰搁5599

9.9

7.5, 13.0

10.9

8.4, 14.1

40.9

36.5, 45.5

18.7

15.6, 22.3

19.6

16.3, 23.3

听听

鈥僊YR5600 and above

6.5

4.2, 10.1

11.8

7.9, 17.3

30.2

25.0, 35.9

22.1

17.3, 27.6

29.4

23.9, 35.7

听听

Paternal education level

鈥僋on-schooling听and primary school

17.7

11.9, 25.6

22.4

13.3, 35.3

36.4

27.2, 46.7

14.4

9.2, 21.7

9.1

5.4, 15.0

99.370

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.001

鈥僑econdary school

14.2

12.0, 16.7

13.6

11.5, 16.0

41.0

37.7, 44.3

17.4

15.2, 19.9

13.8

11.8, 16.0

听听

鈥僒ertiary school

6.0

4.0, 8.7

11.3

8.2, 15.4

35.6

31.1, 40.4

21.7

18.0, 25.9

25.4

21.2, 30.1

听听

Maternal education level

鈥僋on-schooling and primary school

21.8

14.4, 31.6

21.0

12.3, 33.4

37.9

27.7, 49.1

10.1

6.0, 16.5

9.3

4.9. 17.1

119.384

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.001

鈥僑econdary school

13.5

11.5, 15.9

13.7

11.5, 16.2

42.2

39.0, 45.5

17.1

14.9, 19.5

13.5

11.6, 15.7

听听

鈥僒ertiary school

6.4

4.5, 9.0

11.9

8.7, 15.9

31.7

27.3, 36.5

23.8

19.9, 28.2

26.2

22.0, 30.9

听听

Ethnicity

鈥僊补濒补测

13.5

11.2, 16.2

16.1

13.3, 19.3

41.7

38.0, 45.5

15.5

13.0, 18.3

13.2

10.9, 16.0

117.651

p鈥�&濒迟;鈥�0.001

鈥僀丑颈苍别蝉别

7.5

5.4, 10.2

8.2

6.0, 11.1

30.5

26.3, 35.1

25.3

21.3, 29.8

28.5

24.2, 33.2

听听

鈥僆苍诲颈补苍

17.6

12.1, 24.9

12.0

7.4, 19.0

45.2

35.5, 55.3

13.0

8.3, 19.7

12.1

6.8, 20.8

听听

鈥僌迟丑别谤蝉

10.9

7.3, 16.0

12.0

8.5, 16.6

37.3

32.2, 42.7

23.2

19.2, 27.7

16.6

13.1, 20.8

听听

BAZ groups

鈥僒丑颈苍苍别蝉蝉

5.9

3.3, 10.3

18.1

11.7, 26.9

44.8

34.1, 56.1

16.6

11.0, 24.4

14.6

8.9, 22.8

43.447

p鈥�=鈥�0.102

鈥僋ormal weight

12.5

10.6, 14.7

11.5

9.6, 13.8

39.3

36.2, 42.6

18.7

16.4, 21.3

17.9

15.7, 20.4

听听

鈥僌惫别谤飞别颈驳丑迟

14.9

10.6, 20.7

14.7

9.1, 23.0

38.2

31.3, 45.5

19.3

14.5, 25.2

12.9

8.9, 18.4

听听

鈥僌产别蝉别

9.4

4.7, 17.6

19.4

13.0, 28.0

37.5

30.1, 45.5

19.9

14.5, 26.6

13.9

8.5, 21.8

听听

鈥僑evere obesity

17.1

9.9, 28.0

19.0

11.4, 29.9

35.1

25.4, 46.2

10.1

5.6, 17.5

18.7

11.9, 28.3

听听

HAZ groups

鈥侨迟耻苍迟别诲

16.4

9.9, 26.2

14.8

9.0, 23.4

36.6

26.4, 48.2

19.4

12.3, 29.1

12.8

7.7, 20.4

3.969

p鈥�=鈥�0.656

鈥僋ormal height

11.9

10.3, 13.8

13.6

11.7, 15.8

39.3

36.6, 42.0

18.3

16.4, 20.4

16.8

15.0, 18.9

听听
  1. IQ categories: <鈥�80, low/borderline; 80鈥�90, below average; 90鈥�109, average; 110鈥�119, high average; 鈮� 120, superior
  2. Other ethnic groups include Sarawak bumiputra, Sabah bumiputra, and other bumiputra
  3. 莻USD 1鈥�=鈥塎YR 4.1405 (as at 28 September 2018)
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